Cybercrime Definition Essay Example for Free

Cybercrime Definition Essay What is this Cyber crime? We read about it in newspapers very often. Lets look at the dictionary definition of Cybercrime: It is a criminal activity committed on the internet. This is a broad term that describes everything from electronic cracking to denial of service attacks that cause electronic commerce sites to lose money. Mr. Pavan Duggal, who is the President of www.cyberlaws.net and consultant, in a report has clearly defined the various categories and types of cybercrimes. Cybercrimes can be basically divided into 3 major categories: 1. Cybercrimes against persons. 2. Cybercrimes against property. 3. Cybercrimes against government. Cybercrimes against persons: Cybercrimes committed against persons include various crimes like transmission of child-pornography, harassment of any one with the use of a computer such as e-mail. The trafficking, distribution, posting, and dissemination of obscene material including pornography and indecent exposure, constitutes one of the most important Cybercrimes known today. The potential harm of such a crime to humanity can hardly be amplified. This is one Cybercrime which threatens to undermine the growth of the younger generation as also leave irreparable scars and injury on the younger generation, if not controlled. A minor girl in Ahmedabad was lured to a private place through cyberchat by a man, who, along with his friends, attempted to gangrape her. As some passersby heard her cry, she was rescued. Another example wherein the damage was not done to a person but to the masses is the case of the Melissa virus. The Melissa virus first appeared on the internet in March of 1999. It spread rapidly throughout computer systems in the United States and Europe. It is estimated that the virus caused 80 million dollars in damages to computers worldwide. In the United States alone, the virus made its way through 1.2 million computers in one-fifth of the countrys largest businesses. David Smith pleaded guilty on Dec. 9, 1999 to state and federal charges associated with his creation of the Melissa virus. There are numerous examples of such computer viruses few of them being Melissa and love bug. Cyberharassment is a distinct Cybercrime. Various kinds of harassment can and do occur in cyberspace, or through the use of cyberspace. Harassment can be sexual, racial, religious, or other.

Cultural Tasks Essay Example for Free

Cultural Tasks Essay The main idea of postmodernism is that individuals from different cultures have diversified values, beliefs, interests and perspectives, which are not the result of natural human nature, but have been formed by human history and culture. Since at a particular time knowledge is socially constructed in different ways, it changes through time from one context to another. As a result, there is no universal truth about anything; it should rather be perceived as multiple truths about different issues and concepts, which are unique and applicable for particular situations and cultures. The current chapter discusses the principles of postmodernism as applied to educational changes offered by modern grand schemes and programs. According to postmodernists, the best way to achieve changes is to combine collaborative and individual efforts. Though, since changes are usually unpredictable, there is no guarantee whether those efforts and actions can lead to real success and progress. Moreover the perception of the progress differs among nations and cultures: while one culture can consider change as positive leading to progress, the other might consider such change as negative or undesired. If to apply postmodernism ideas toward the educational programs and changes they can bring, it is possible to state that there is little guarantee that contemporary grand schemes and programs such as No Child Left Behind can bring positive change to schools and educational changes. On the contrary, the changes within the school premises are usually caused and influenced by the local context, which might include the school culture, the environment of the community the school is located and other aspects. To determine what can bring educational change might require certain research by gathering and analyzing the related information. Since self-study, according to postmodernism, is socially constructed knowledge, it cannot be applied without the external data of multiple values and experiences. Nowadays many schools try to implement uniformity in cloths, lectures, teaching methods, attitude to students, etc. From one side, it is a good way of making all students feel as they all have equal chances to learn and show their knowledge. However, according to postmodernists, such uniformity might suppress the personality and opportunities of some more progressive students. That is why, it is very important to identify what should be the same in the schools and what should be different. To ensure positive and effective changes in schools it is important to organize the combined work between school members by applying innovative and latest teaching methods in order to change teaching and learning for all the students. Change in the school teaching methods can be achieved if every teacher realizes the importance of personal professional learning, the results of which can mature the learning process of the students. It is not mandatory that such learning should be professional and obtained from some learning center or university. It can start from everyday desire to learn something new and apply this new knowledge into the teaching process. Moreover, every teacher should try to understand each students way of perceiving information, recognize and respect diversity among students and apply the teaching methods, which will be the most effective for all the students in the classroom. Finally, collaborative learning stimulates deep thinking about teaching and learning while ensuring that the students are prepared to be active participants in a global world. There can be large number of different educational programs, teaching styles, and advices, but the most important thing is to realize and understand the individual nature of each student and his/her demands in the education. Friendly, trustful and respectful teachers/students relationships are the most important factor in the teaching process. Works Cited: Part 6: Cultural Tasks of Supervision, pp. 414-456.

Heavenly Resort Business Plan

Heavenly Resort Business Plan The Heavenly Resort, Puerto Princesa Palawan Philippines is a boutique hotel within Palawan Island. Heavenly Resort is boutique hotel offering  32 exclusive rooms. The Heavenly Resort  property is convenient and strategic location within the city. Also with the high level of personal service guests receive, create a memorable experience and the extensive range of comprehensive business facilities  available in  unique settings. The Heavenly Resort has 32 exclusive rooms with a pool on the roof top and is targeting corporate guests with a two to three night stay requirement.Foreign retiree guest with a three to six months stay, foreign and local tourist with a one to two weeks stay requirement and family, scuba divers, backpackers, trekkers, bird watchers, spelunkers, explorers and even honeymooners. Differentiating the type of business service offered, and sustainable green innovation from that of the competition, will assist not only in building the Heavenly Resort brand as a whole, but will attract frequent touristtravellers, who require a higher level  of personal service and recognition than they can receive at competitive boutique hotel in Palawan. This will provide the Heavenly Resort with an opportunity to leverage its core competencies as regards servicing the tourist traveller in a unique and innovative environment. Description of the business concept The first Exclusive Business Boutique Hotel/Resort with restaurant is wholly managed with five teams. The team  specializes in occupying strategic, inner city locations and serving primarily corporate clients, foreign and local tourist. Market Needs Palawan Island is one of biggest city in Philippines and the famous holiday destinations for foreign and local. Due to the influx of tourist in the area, there is lack of accommodation with little competition for a boutique hotel. The Heavenly Resort offers value and benefits to our clients, over and above the standard of our facilities and affordable rates. We seek to provide our guests with an exemplary  personal service, and level of recognition that they have come to rely upon. We provide our guest with a relaxed environment which they cannot find at larger, more impersonal competitors. Our guests need to know that they can develop a relationship with the hotel that will ensure efficiency, value for their  money and reliability in supplying them with the support they need, when they needed it. The Heavenly Resort operates in a city with a very strong sense of community, and we want to stay an integral part of that community. The Target Market The Heavenly Resort is a boutique hotel comprising 32 guest rooms, a pool,and restaurantand specializing in servicing corporate guest, foreign and local with the family. Our key clients are originating from both international and domestic  markets from Scuba divers, backpackers, trekkers, bird watchers, spelunkers, explorersand yes, even honeymooners. The strategic location of the property is the key to its success in these areas due to the proximity of the nearby white sand beaches and resorts where guests can take a plunge or bathe in the sun and beautiful scenery. Key to our business success is the level of customer loyalty and repeat  business. We offer our guests unique ambience amenities,when styled in a boutique manner both inside the rooms and within the hotels conference facilities. Our guests feel that they can conduct their business from within a less austere atmosphere than can be experienced in our competitive properties, where there is less personal recognition. They appreciate being called by name when they arrive, and having staff remember their specific requirements, time and again. This is the key in developing the relationship beyond an initial stay and evidences our added value in relation to competitive properties in the vicinity. The Competitive Advantages (Innovativeness)(Arvind) The Team (April Chris) Market Research and Analysis Market Analysis Table 1:   Tourist Volume in Major Destinations, January-May 2010/2009   Destinations 2010 2009 Growth Rate Metro Manila 848,518 724,572 17.11% Cebu 734,531 703,965 4.34% Boracay Island 378,694 337,664 12.15% Camarines Sur* 348,139 344,459 1.07% Baguio City 318,677 373,820 -14.75% Davao City 275,658 273,492 0.79% Zambales 159,025 157,591 0.91% Bohol 143,276 139,162 2.96% Camiguin Island 105,262 90,269 16.61% Negros Oriental 102,394 98,738 3.70% Cagayan 83,822 80,739 3.82% IlocosNorte 81,724 88,366 -7.52% Puerto Princesa City* 73,986 54,754 35.12% Total 3,653,706 3,467,591 5.37% * January-March data only.   No data provided for April and May Source of Data:   DOT Regional Offices/Local Tourism Offices/Accommodation Establishment. Market Demographics Market Geographics: Puerto Princesa, Philippines is a city centre in Palawan Island, with a population of 157,144. Overall Island population is 640,486. Market Demographics: The community in Palawan are migrants from other regions in the Philippines and Foreigners who create business activities. Market Psychographics: There is a strong small business ethic in the community, and many family-run enterprises have been prospering for generations.   There is also a strong sense of community and a high level of awareness as regards to caring for the environment. Market Behaviours: Businesses in the area choose to support one another wherever possible, be remaining loyal to long standing relationships with customers and suppliers. This acts as a means of investing in, and supporting the community structure. Market Trends Market trends can be categorized as follows: Foreign and Domestic tourist. Puerto Princesa City tourist traffic grew by 21% with foreign and domestic visitors increasing at double digit level of 23% and 21%, respectively.   The upgrading of Puerto Princesa Airport paved the way to increase flight frequencies from Manila and other island destinations in Central Philippines.   Likewise, the efforts of the City Government of Puerto Princesa to develop new tourist products attracted more visitors and enabled prolonged stays.   By year 2010, total tourist traffic in the top destinations is forecast to grow by 15% as domestic travel movement continues to increase and international tourist markets recover from economic slack. Market Growth The growth rate of the target markets has been increasing over the past five years. The foreign tourist has grown at an average of 12.81%, and the domestic tourist has grown at an average of 2.12%. Puerto Princesa City has 117,000 visitors annually. 41.78% are foreign and 35.4% are domestic. The tourist volume in 2009 is 54,754 and in 2010 are 73,986. The overall growth rate is 35.12% which is the highest among other tourist destination in Philippines. The Company The Heavenly Resort, Puerto Princesa City, Palawan Philippines, is a Boutique Hotel and Restaurant. Offering 32 exclusive rooms with complementary breakfast,and offer an affordable signature cuisine local and continental. Mission The Heavenly Resort is dedicated to providing its guests with the highest quality of service and creates a memorable experience. We seek to deliver on our promise of value and quality above all else. We value our place in the community and will work to develop those relationships and to respect and protect our environment. We will continue to strive to create value for both owners and shareholders whilst honouring our brand values and encouraging our personnel to develop themselves in an environment of trust, loyalty and encouragement. Service Offering Service: high-quality facilities accompanied by exemplary personalised service, differentiated from competition in line with the overall brand strategy has proven to be a successful approach generating high levels of repeat business. Positioning The Heavenly Resort is positioned as a unique boutique hotel, foreign and localtravellers strategically located and offering a high level of personalised service. Ourfocus is on offering our guests value added  and differentiating ourselves in our levels of personalised service. We provide a  quality hotel memorable experience where guests are valued, respected, delighted and their business is truly appreciated. SWOT Summary The following analysis highlights the internal strengths and weaknesses of our organization and the opportunities and threats facing the company in our external environment. We must work to improve our areas of weakness. Organizational strengths must be leveraged in order to capitalize on external opportunities as they arise, and contingency plans formulated in order to deal with threats presented by the environment. Strengths Strategy: strong differentiation strategy. Skills: diverse range of service skills within management and staff. Style: strong, participative culture. Staff: specialized and experienced staff that is motivated and highly skilled. A well trained team who are proud of their hotel and  respect and promote the brand values. Shared Values: clear and well communicated. Brand Strength: brand values well represented engendering brand loyalty amongst existing and new guests. Reputation: a strong reputation within the local market and corporate and travel trade markets for reliability, exemplary service and quality. Weaknesses Strategy: differentiation strategy needs to be more clearly communicated externally, within local and national markets. Systems: formal systems result from the detail oriented work and environment. Interdepartmental communications could be improved. Staff: seasonal turnover requires ongoing training and orientation of new staff. Facilities: certain rooms require renovation and upgrade as regards technical equipment, such as high speed Internet access and laptop links. Opportunities Market: high growth since a huge influx of tourist. Competitors: no direct competition exists at present, in terms of the boutique business property niche. Suppliers: strong, long-term relationships  established with suppliers. Guest Dependency: repeat corporate clients based on personalised service and quality, in a small but unique and innovative environment. Threats Market Entry: potential for a competitive, global brand to enter the market with a similar product. Substitutes: fully furnished and serviced business apartments offering lower daily rates. Economy: recovery from slight recession may take time. Competition Although no direct competition exists, in terms of the boutique-style property, other five star hotels and serviced apartments, chalets do compete for the same business sector. Growth and Share (Adam please produce a graph for this) Competitor Price Growth Rate Market Share Casa Puerte (BB) $60 Legend Hotel (3star) $150 Asturias Hotel (4star) $200 Heavenly Resort $75 Average Total Competitive Analysis #1 #2 #3 #4 Competitor Legend Asturias Casa Puerte Heavenly Product and/or Service Legend Asturias Casa Puerte Heavenly Quality 6 7 4 8 Selection 5 7 5 6 Price 6 6 6 6 Other 0 0 0 0 Location and Physical Appearance Legend Asturias Casa Puerte Heavenly Traffic 4 5 7 7 Appearance 4 7 6 8 Visibility 7 6 7 9 Convenience Factors 7 6 6 8 Other 0 0 0 0 Added Value Factors Legend Asturias Casa Puerte Heavenly Pre and Post Sales Service 3 5 4 7 Experience 7 8 6 9 Expertise 6 7 5 8 Reputation 5 9 6 8 Image 6 9 4 8 Stability 6 8 4 9 Strategic Alliances 0 0 0 0 Other 0 0 0 0 Other Marketing Activities Legend Asturias Casa Puerte Heavenly Established Sales Channels 0 0 0 0 Advertising 0 0 0 0 Post-purchase Support 0 0 0 0 Incentives 0 0 0 0 Loyalty Components 0 0 0 0 Other 0 0 0 0 Total 72 90 70 101 Marketing Plan Marketing Strategy Our marketing strategys objective is to communicate the unique set of services that we offer to discern hotel guests. We attempt to direct the focus of our guests to the issues of quality and value for the  money as opposed to simply the bottom line costs associated with their stay. Our marketing strategy will allow us to communicate our brand values, develop close working relationships with our customers and suppliers and to identify the needs of our guests in an effective manner. Continued differentiation and growth are two goals we have set for ourselves. Growth will take place by targeting Foreign and local tourist. Value Proposition Heavenly Resort offers the best, most personalized service for the corporate traveller, foreign and local. We provide good ambience facilities in very room. We include creative design in every room, such as a unique amenity according their culture and nationalities. Critical Issues We have much strength including our differentiation strategy, and highly skilled and well trained staff. Our weaknesses involve the need to communicate our strategy more clearly in the external environment, our high staff turnover and training requirements due to seasonal fluctuations. Although there is a low to medium threat of a competitive brand entering the market, there are also opportunities as regards the high level of dependency of our guests for our particular service and our strong position within the community with both customers and suppliers. Critical issues for the Heavenly Resort include: Continuing to differentiate from our competition and offering added value to our guests. Retaining our current levels of repeat business and developing further customer loyalty in a competitive market. Nevertheless, smart boutique hotels must continue to adapt to the incessantly changing needs, tastes, preferences, and fashions in order to remain competitive in the flourishing boutique hotel market. Financial Objectives Increase overall room revenue. Accomplish growth within the given budget. Increase corporate contracted rates to reflect the return of confidence in the tourist travel market. Keep payroll expenses  down  and reduce the level of overtime within the workforce. Marketing Objectives To continue to communicate our strategic objectives to our target markets effectively. To provide a positive hotel memorable experience to all our guests. To accomplish our growth targets within the given time and budget. Expand our markets and identify new markets for our product and services. Messaging It is critical to the success of the Heavenly Resort to make sure that the hotel is kept up to the highest level in order to keep the high quality service that Heavenly Resort properties are known for. Our messaging will reflect this high standard that we want to be associated with. We need to print brochures from the recycled material to retain our green environment in front of our customers Branding The Heavenly Resort, Puerto Princesa City, Palawan Philippines, is first boutique hotel in Palawan.Heavenly Resort is boutique properties, offering 32 exclusive rooms. The Heavenly Resort  property is convenient and easy access locations within the city. Also synonymous with the brand are the high level of personalised service guests receive, with its unique architecture and design of every rooms.   Strategy Pyramids Our marketing strategy is to focus customers attention on the high quality of the services we offer. Within this strategy are three main points aimed at different market segments. We will provide: The Best and affordable facilities Personalized Services Unique and innovative Amenities Marketing Mix Place: product and service information  are sold to the guest via personal selling, direct marketing, advertising  and the Internet. Delivery channels include travel agents and international  reservations systems. Product Marketing Product: green innovation with high quality ambience facilities accompanied by exemplary personalised service, differentiated from competition quality with the overall brand strategy to be a successful approach generating high levels of repeat business. Pricing Pricing strategy has been consistent with the differentiation objective, to provide added value for a reasonable rate as opposed to discounting and de valuing our products and services. Room rates quoted are net of tax and service, are per night, per room with local and continental breakfast included: Single $65.00; Double $75.00; Family $75++; Deluxe $ 95.00; Suite $125 (maximum occupancy 2 persons). Promotion Promotion: primary focus will remain on mass communication via print ads in trade publications and on the Internet. Direct mail campaigns to existing and prospective clients will increase as a cost effective means of targeted campaigning. Personal selling in the local market will remain an important element of the mix in order to continue to build long-term relationships within the local region and generate  high levels of corporate activity. Public relations activities will continue to play an important role in the marketing mix, presenting the hotel as a supportive member of the community and  participating in significant local events. Advertising Direct Marketing Our direct marketing will be handled by our PR agency. We will buy select targeted list of corporate companies and send them information about Heavenly Resort. We know that we are no experts in direct marketing so it will be important that our PR agency handles every aspect of direct marketing for us. Web Plan Needed: New home page design and navigation Online reservations  capability Printable brochure Website Goals Our website needs to be able to do the following: Convey our messaging of high quality, unique and innovative accommodations Be indexed on major travel websites so that people find us Be able to take reservations online and make changes to reservations online Website Marketing Strategy Our main website marketing strategy hinges upon making sure all major travel sites such as Expedia.com, Orbitz.com, and Hotels.com list our hotel when customers search for hotels in our area. Development Requirements To attain the level of interactivity we want in our design, we need to increase the features allowed (security for  reservations and credit-card processing, daily back-ups, and real-time database linking) and service-level of our hosting service. This will slightly increase our monthly hosting fee. Service Our hotel provides guests with an alternative to the impersonal, boutique hotel properties in the city. Strategically located, our property enables our guests to be at the heart of the city and yet in an environment of calm, serene and professionalism. We seek to differentiate our product and services in the following areas: Personal recognition of our frequent travellers who return time and again. Unique rooms that offer a sense of relaxing and memorable experience. Staff that have a strong customer-service ethic. Green Innovation amenities second to none in town. Sales Plan Our sales plan hinges upon our sales strategy, sales process and, prospecting plan. As long as we follow the plans laid below we should be in good shape. Sales Strategy Riverview Hotels sales strategy hinges upon repeat visits by key corporate accounts. We need to develop a relationship with the companies listed in our Sales Account Plan, as well as actively generate new accounts by soliciting first time corporate, foreign and local visitors. It will be important to remain competitive on price, as well as amenities. The corporate accounting department wants to make sure they limit the amount of money spent per night per employee on a business trip, but the foreign/local traveller will be able to express preference. If the price is right, and the foreign/local traveller knows that they will have all amenities they need while at the Heavenly Resort, we will be assured of keeping and attracting key accounts. Sales Process We will be sure to mail out corporate packets every 6 months to our key accounts, as well as any new accounts we acquire. The packets will have information about corporate pricing and discounts, as well as information about rooms and amenities for the companies to share with business travellers. The biggest piece of our sales process will depend on personal relationships. We will need to make every foreign/local traveller feel like we remember them and we know their likes and dislikes. We also need to cultivate good relationships with the person at the company who makes travel arrangements. Prospecting Plan Whenever a new customer stays at our boutique hotel we need to be able to determine whether it is for leisure or business. If it is for business we need to make sure to get the customers business name and address so that we can send a corporate packet to the company letting them know about corporate pricing and special business amenities. Management Team Controls Our marketing plan is structured to enable us to achieve the strategic goals we have set for  ourselves, in terms of increasing overall revenue as a result of differentiating our products and services from the competition. Our marketing team will ensure that the plan is implemented to the best of their ability and with the highest levels of efficiency and accuracy. Implementation All figures will be monitored on an ongoing basis in relation to projections versus actuals, and the ongoing plan will be altered or manipulated as necessary in order to react to and, wherever possible, anticipate external changes to the environment. Annual results will be evaluated at the Region General Managers meeting where the structure of the plan for the approaching year will also be established. Keys to Success Continue to develop ongoing relationships with frequent and new guests. Continue to develop and implement a strong communications plan in both national and international markets. Leverage our strength in the local market as a member of the community by supporting local events. Identify new markets for our services such as University-based target groups. Continue ongoing staff training and skill development to ensure the highest standards of service. Contingency Planning Contingency plans have been made for the following unexpected developments: A slower recovery from the recession than public opinion: this has been  reflected in the  moderate increase in  levels of corporate business expected. The entry into the market of a competitively aligned hotel: differentiation would continue to be the strategic approach with the development of added value and benefits to leverage long standing relationships and repeat business based on familiarity and personal attention to detail. Marketing Organization Our marketing director, April Huang, leads our PR and marketing team of  four in all advertising, promotional and public relations related activities. April works closely with the members of the team, to implement and monitor the effectiveness of the marketing plan and evaluate results. Design and Development Plans (Grace) Risks Management(Grace) Risk reduction(grace) Exit strategy(Grace) Financials (Sample Only for Adam) Our annual marketing budget is $100,000. Sales are anticipated to achieve revenue of $1,172,925. Our marketing expenses will equate to approximately 8.5% of the overall revenue. Break-even Analysis Fixed Costs Cost Rent or Lease $0 Professional Services $1,000 Payroll $10,000 Interest Payments $2,000 Utilities Telephone $5,000 Non-discretionary marketing expenses $0 Other $0 Total Fixed Costs $18,000 Break-even Analysis Monthly Units Break-even 145 Monthly Revenue Break-even $19,929 Assumptions: Average Per-Unit Revenue $137.14 Average Per-Unit Variable Cost $13.28 Estimated Monthly Fixed Cost $18,000 Sales Forecast Room revenue for this year is based on an average growth rate of 10%. This is based on the number of pre-contracted corporate rooms, and an anticipated return to business levels projected. Sales Forecast FY 2006 FY 2007 FY 2008 Unit Sales Corporate Single 1,925 2,118 2,118 Corporate Double 3,665 4,032 4,032 Corporate Deluxe 2,695 2,965 2,965 Corporate Suite 268 294 294 Total Unit Sales 8,553 9,409 9,408 Unit Prices FY 2006 FY 2007 FY 2008 Corporate Single $95.00 $95.00 $99.00 Corporate Double $125.00 $125.00 $135.00 Corporate Deluxe $175.00 $175.00 $195.00 Corporate Suite $225.00 $225.00 $240.00 Sales Corporate Single $182,875 $201,210 $209,633 Corporate Double $458,125 $504,000 $544,253 Corporate Deluxe $471,625 $518,875 $578,175 Corporate Suite $60,300 $66,150 $70,560 Total Sales $1,172,925 $1,290,235 $1,402,620 Direct Unit Costs FY 2006 FY 2007 FY 2008 Corporate Single $7.86 $11.00 $11.00 Corporate Double $13.92 $13.50 $13.50 Corporate Deluxe $17.50 $18.50 $18.50 Corporate Suite $0.84 $0.00 $0.00 Direct Cost of Sales Corporate Single $15,138 $23,298 $23,293 Corporate Double $51,033 $54,432 $54,425 Corporate Deluxe $47,163 $54,853 $54,853 Corporate Suite $225 $0 $0 Subtotal Direct Cost of Sales $113,558 $132,583 $132,570 Expense Forecast Marketing expenses are projected to be approximately 8.5% of overall annual revenue. The breakdown of  expenditures is as follows: Marketing Expense Budget FY 2006 FY 2007 FY 2008 Print Advertising $10,600 $11,600 $12,826 Internet Advertising $21,000 $23,100 $25,410 Public Relations $6,000 $6,600 $7,260 Other $21,000 $23,100 $25,410 Total Sales and Marketing Expenses $58,600 $64,400 $70,906 Percent of Sales 5.00%

Strive for Equality Essay -- American History, Discrimination, Women

Strive for Equality It is stated in the Equal Rights Amendment that â€Å"Equality of Rights under the law shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or any state on account of sex†. Still, looking back at history, it can be seen that gender has played a vital role in determining one’s status in society. The challenges women faced began when they were merely young girls. These girls were raised with the idea that they were only suitable for certain occupations, usually only to serve as wives and mothers. These beliefs of staying within their boundaries stick as fears in the mind of women so by the time adulthood approaches, they have already molded themselves to fit those beliefs. There are numerous works of literature that have given life to women in their fight for becoming free. One example, â€Å"The Chrysanthemums† by John Steinbeck, tells the story of Elisa and her struggle to break out of the feminine world. The idea of becoming more than an ideal wife strive women to push their boundaries as an attempt to gain power in a man’s world hoping, to be recognized for their strengths. Discrimination has always given men greater power over women, who are ideally supposed to sit within their limited boundaries. These traditions led to stronger women who wanted to attempt to push their boundaries. When Elisa is working in her garden, she notices her husband talking to couple of men and she â€Å"[looks] down toward the men by the tractor shed now and then,† (Steinbeck 1). Elisa looking at the men numerous times shows her curiosity to go outside her bounded life which is the fence that she is around. The fence symbolizes her life. This also symbolizes how she is very fed up with her married life and is now desperate to get out. But th... ...ue beauty, and thus never was interested in Elisa. So Elisa comes back into reality, and falls back into the hole of being felt as a housewife rather than a free individual, that she despised. Overall, the impact that the tinker makes on Elisa brings Elisa back to where she started. This illustrates the impact of Elisa pushing to expand her boundaries. Women try their best to push past their boundaries but can never achieve that, because of the over-pompous nature of men. Women are never seen for their strengths and are oppressed manner. Women were not able to reach their full potential because society refused to accept them liberally. This world would not be able to progress with the seclusion of women. It can be seen throughout history that gender prejudice limits the individual from doing what he/she wants to do. Nowadays, women are free to do as they please.

Carl Jungs Exploration of the Unconscious Mind Essay -- Carl Jung Per

Carl Jung's Exploration of the Unconscious Mind Carl Jung is best known for his exploration of the unconscious mind, developed through his education in Freudian theory, mythology, religion, and philosophy. Jung was born July 26, 1875 to a well-educated family in Kesswil, Switzerland. He was raised with a love for language and literature, beginning Latin lessons at the age of 6. As a teenager, Jung led a solitary life. He did not care for school, and shied away from competition. When he went to boarding school in Basel, Switzerland, he was the victim of jealous harassment, and learned to use sickness as an excuse. He later went on to the University of Basel, intending to study archaeology, but instead decided to study medicine. After working under the famous neurologist, Krofft-Ebing, he discovered psychiatry. After graduating, Jung worked at a mental hospital in Zurich under Eugene Bleuler (who later discovered and named schizophrenia). In 1903, he married and at this time he was also teaching classes at the University of Zurich, working at his own private practice, and working on his theory of word association. He finally met Freud, in 1907, and they developed a friendship as the two compared theories. Their friendship eventually ended, and soon afterwards came WWI and a rough time of self-examination for Jung (which then led to his theories of personality ). He retired as a psychiatrist in 1946, and died fifteen years later. Jung’s theories of personality are closely related to the Freudian theories. He divided the human psyche into three categories; the ego, or the conscious mind, the personal unconscious which holds memories and such, and the collective unconscious which is the connection that all humans share. According to Jung, the collective unconscious is made up of archetypes. An archetype is the â€Å"unlearned tendency to experience things in a certain way†#. There are an innumerable amount of archetypes, which all organize experiences or materialize thoughts in their own way. The mother, Mana, Shadow, Persona, and Syzygy archetypes are the most common. The mother archetype is a â€Å"built-in† void, which automatically seeks out a mothering figure. If the individual lacks an actual person to fill that void, he/she may live in which something else fills it. They may live a life devoted to the church (meditating on a figure of Mary),... ...the four functions through which humans perceive and deal with the world. These include sensing (through which a person gets information from their senses), thinking (through which a person evaluates ideas with logic), intuiting (which is a kind of sixth sense unconscious perception), and feeling (through which a person assesses information by their emotional response). Jung described sensing and intuiting as â€Å"irrational† because they involve simply receiving information and making no judgment on them, and thinking and feeling as â€Å"rational† because one judges the information received. Much of Jung’s work, controversial as it was, is still in use or extended upon to some degree today. Katherine Briggs and her daughter Isabel Briggs Myers developed the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator based on Jung’s categorization of the psyche. Through taking this test, one can be identified as being one out of sixteen different categories such as ENFJ (extroverted feeling with intuiting) or ISTJ (introverted sensing with thinking). Jung’s Word Association test is also in wide use in the psychiatric field today. Works Cited Dr. C. George Boeree. "Carl Jung." Personality Theories. 1997.

Florences Market in the Renaissance Essay -- Mercantile Economy

THESIS STATEMENT During the Renaissance, Florence profited from a mercantile economy due to the guilds, the quality and variety of goods and the style and management of the market place. PURPOSE STATEMENT Through historical and economic data this research paper will express how Florence flourished from a mercantile economy in the Renaissance. INTRODUCTION The Renaissance was the rebirth of Europe and it all started in the city of Florence. Florence and everything that made a standard Renaissance city: painters, sculptors, writers, architects, and a vivid culture. Soon all of Europe would follow in Florence’s footsteps and â€Å"the setting is so rich, varied, rambunctious, and inventive as Italy in the Renaissance† (Cohen 1). The painters and sculptors defined Renaissance culture and could actually make a living because they were being sponsored. The Renaissance was the age of the merchants and because of the merchants the economies and culture rose. The Renaissance is remembered by many people for the works of Michelangelo, Da Vinci, and Raphael. What many people do not know about the Renaissance is that the textile industry was more famous and profitable than the painter industry. Florence was the place to get any of your goods because of its location. Merchants went to Florence to sell their unique goods, buy, sell, or make cloth, and attend the guilds. Florence was the trend-setter of the Renaissance, whatever they did everyone else wanted to do because Florence was very successful. â€Å"No great city has ever been built far from the water†¦ [Florence] was now more vulnerable, but it had easy access to an important trade route. It had good communications by river to the west, and practicable passes through the mountains ... ...ll come to buy things. The markets still sell the same things like food and clothing but they also sell collectibles, souvenirs, and leather items. Florence’s markets still sell things you never seen before just like the merchant’s did in the Renaissance. Florence’s leather, silk, and cloth items are still popular around the world. â€Å"U.S. importers set a high value on Florence's products, and tourists spend freely in its fashionable shops† (Florence). The quality of goods is has still withstood the years and Florence is still well-known for its leather and silks. The owner’s of the stalls in the markets still like to haggle about the price of their goods and some of them feel insulted if you do not haggle with them. Florence’s start in the Renaissance as the Renaissance city has served them throughout the years and are they still one of the top cities in the world.

Consumer Behavior on Furniture

As the economic conditions Is tough and challenging In recent years. Cost of living Is increasing, especially for those new home starters, Like new couples, families with new-born member, or moving out of parents home. For the general new home starter, money terms and financial issue is a big concern on their everyday life. The need and purchase of furniture would be an inevitable process as they need to start building up and furnishing their new home. They would opt for products that offer the benefits of good living standard, but without sacrifice too much of their earning or income.In the situation and target group we focus on in this analysis, KEA and Preterit would be more likely be the choice to be made In the final decision. Purchasing off-the-shelf product, rather then tailor-made, good customer value and affordable price are a few major criteria In such case. However consumers would have different consideration for their decision depending on their Individual factors. From h aving the wants and demand to the step of making purchase decision and consumption. There are deferent factors that would influence and affect the consumer decision.There are two sources that influence buying behavior. The first one is formal sources which are kind of well-planned and paid sources. The second source is informal, which is kind of a not pre planned and non-paid sources like family, informal sources, social class and culture etc. Marketing Efforts Product KEA offer product with Scandinavian design and attractive appearance, KEA provide materials to suit the many different needs and precise preference. The large catalogue of choice in products maximize the chance of finding products to your needs.Preterit offer very generic type of product that perform the basic practical and functions. Preterit have few numbers of choices in each category, if you have some very specific preference, it might be hard to match your exact want and desire. Promotion Both KEA and Preterit ha ve utilized web page, social media and also sales promotion to attract customers. KEA have a strong buzz each year, promote using television advertisement, often using humor that create buzz and recall rate. Preterit focusing on adverting in newspapers, and leaflet with coupons.Also PIP memberships as a loyalty programmer that encourage repeat purchase. Price Both KEA and Preterit has set affordable price for their product that attract many customer and purchase. Also note that since the products KEA offer are unique and with brand, customer are more Justified if they are paying a bit more. However Products that Preterit offer are more generic and very uniform, customer might switch to other brand with similar product offered by a lower price supplier, so that Preterit have to compete with price or otherwise provide products with better perceived value and customer benefits.Place Preterit which has almost 30 retails covered in Hong Kong, when compared to KEA which has only 3 stores in Hong Kong but a larger comprehensive stores. The slightly remote distance and limited distribution channel might be a bit pull back if you are a busy person or if you only want to make small quantity purchases. But if the customer would like to buy a range of product or simply enjoy the shopping experience of ‘KEA. This desire will become a driving force strong enough to stimulate the action of visit and purchase. Family Family is a basic concept in society.The main structure of family is married couple, nuclear family and extended family. Besides, single-parent family and unmarried family are included as well. Consumer can be easily influenced by parents, siblings, and relatives based on their past experience. Nuclear family and extended family may prefer to buy from Preterit. The perception from Preterit is classic design, fair quality, and ready-made model. KEA provide Scandinavian design with good quality and flexible combination as well as wide range of color for selec tion which reinforce the motivation of married couple to buy from them.Informal sources Informal sources are basically unpaid and unplanned. The opinion leader could be our friends, neighbors, colleagues, teachers, and idols. Nowadays, it is quite common to ask opinion leader about the brand and product before consumer make the decision of purchase. Preterit and ‘KEA, he will ask opinion leaders and the comments from opinion leaders will influence consumer's behavior. Other non-commercial sources Other non-commercial sources including different types of social media and editorial content are unpaid.Consumer can compare Preterit and KEA products by browsing following sources Editorial content from newspapers, magazines Blob, Forum Photo sharing websites Brand community Discount and promotion websites TV Programs Social class Social class has its own characteristic of values, attitudes and behavior that distinguish the member of various social classes, see below diagram In terms of income, lower middle class consumers only can afford lower price products from Preterit because of limited budget.Middle class consumers have sufficient money to spend on KEA products which can reinforce their self-image and taste. Culture and Subculture Culture is shared, learned, symbolic system of values, beliefs and attitudes that form and influences perception and behavior. It is learned through transmitted from enervation to generation, which included Formal learning from parents and siblings Informal learning, such as teachers and idols Technical learning, such as school and professional institute Product preference and brand loyalty always influence from one generation to another.For example, parents will bring along their kids to KEA for shopping because they enjoy shopping in KEA with different products for selection and even kids can select kids' furniture for themselves. The positive brand image begins in early childhood and extends throughout a person's entire life. On the other hand, subculture is a group of people share similar beliefs, values, and common experiences. Subculture group can be differentiated by age, ethnic, religious Consumer Decision Making In decision making process, more than one alternative must be available, even decide not to buy.We focus on new couples how they make buying decision on -bed. Input As we discussed previous in external influence, furniture company's marketing strategy (APS) influence new couple's perception, attitudes and teach them to learn or change their attitudes towards their products. These marketing strategies can hang society's existing code of behavior, culture or subculture is likely to affect how and what consumers purchase in long term if successful. Need Recognition When new couple move out from their parents, even rent or buy a new house, they perceive a need to buy new furniture.Two different problem recognition styles – actual state types & desired state types are described on our ca se. Actual state types, they recognize double size bed is needed. Desired state types, they already have double size bed but desire new design attractive bed, e. G. Princess bed. Purchases Search New couple usually search their memory first, browsing internet, go to shopping and they may engage in extensive search of outside if no experience. Evaluation of Alternatives Evoke set come to their mind such as ‘KEA, Preterit and so on.These evoke set might be influenced by their parents that used before and acceptable. They have already established the basic criteria for evaluation, but not completely established preferred among the choice of brands, than they search for additional brand information. Three specific level of consumer decision making – limited problem solving are examined. When new couple evaluating those brands, they based on their perceived quality of Perceived risk associated with the brand, e. G.Consumer may not handle self- assembly furniture by themselve s after evaluation, and also information costs saved with that brand, e. G. KEA only 3 stores, time consuming to visit and too far away from their home. While the couples collecting information about evoked set brands, two decision rules in their mind – compensatory and uncompensated decision rules. Compensatory decision rules, they evaluate those brand's similar attributes and weighted it, than make a ranking. For example, the size of bed of KEA and Preterit are also fit for their home, they Just weight the price between brands.Uncompensated decision rules when couples evaluate such size of bed exceed, they will forgive that brand. They may make decision to postpone or withdrawal from purchasing after shopping if they cannot find a suitable bed. Psychological Field Motivation As we know that consumer needs is the essence of marketing concept. However each consumer have their vary needs and wants depending on the culture environment and affection. Therefore individual are tri ggered by motivation that drive their individual action.Apart from the primary perspective of having the physical product and its function of furniture that serve the generic goals, in addition, there are also acquired needs. Some might want to have a bit more comfort, safety, reliability for the protection of young kids at home. Some might have the affection and would love to have a warm and pleasant interior and environment so that they can provide a coos atmosphere for their friend and relative when visit, to fulfill the social needs The motives and needs can have positive and negative directions that impel positive rives and negative drives.In most situation for the consumer, it is largely driven by positive motives, for examples, KEA has always inject and project the warm and happy home environment and scene in their promotional materials such as catalogue and advertisement which create a positive desire for consumer to dream of and the need and want of having the pleasant home using the KEA furniture product. Associate the warm and pleasant image with the brand ‘KEA. Motivation can have the bi-direction of positive and negative, it can also be distinguish into rational motives and emotional motives.There are certain types of consumers who would be apparently acting with viewing the amount of benefit they can get from the product related to the cost spent. On the other hand, there are certain type of consumer who would act with emotional motives and subjective ideas. The motives can be aroused by the mood of the showroom or the fashion and trend on design style, color and material used. Perception Perception is more about the subjective of how people think about it rather than the actual objective fact of what it is.The dynamic of perception consists of the aspect of â€Å"Selection† â€Å"Organization† and Interpretation† altogether composes a meaningful coherent picture from individual. Perception can be developed and influence d by advertising and promotion as well as other marketing mix that intended for the positioning. For instance, each year KEA has a new shooting of â€Å"low-price† featured ad shown on television. Using the televisions advertisement media has the advantage of reaching the mass, but catching the audience attention in the clutter is a challenge.Kea has use many witty ideas and humor to catch attention and convey the message of â€Å"low- price†, the use of dramatic visual and theme, exaggerated facial expression, music, mound and motion with the contrast color, figure and ground, bold size fonts, helps to catch attention in order to promote the message. The same applied on the Kea catalogue and in-store poster, using sharp, bright color and big bold fonts on the minimal background, simply spell out the message in a clear way and to catch attention in a glance.Also, the imagery used in the catalogue are in pleasant color and soft tone, some images will also include models / actors of kids playing happily or family and friends lying back comfortable on couch, creating a warm and sweet feeling and lead to the nonuser to grouping and associate Kea brand and product with sweet and comfortable home in a positive way. TV ad that last for only seconds is very limited, message have to be brief and sharp, it is smart to leave a open-ended closure that the catalogue is out now, to let the consumer to response and find out more from the catalogue by mail, in-store or online.Personality Personality defined as the inner psychological characteristic determine and reflect Consumer who choose KEA need to adopt this new idea and practice that they need to get very involved when purchase KEA product. Consumer who has high consumer innovativeness and low in dogmatism are more likely to accept ‘KEA. Many of the KEA products allow consumer customized and DID to suit their personal need, letting consumer to have some involvement. So to some extended consumer who ch oose KEA has the need for uniqueness, and willing to have some involvement with the high optimum stimulate level.KEA furniture emphasized on design and attracted too many customers who with style conscious, featured many pictorial, nicely photographed visual images on catalogue and other promotional materials. These will be appealing to visualizes type f consumer which should be appropriate for the intended target customer as they position their product / furniture tends to be more like a stylish product than a technical product. Attitude A learned predisposition always influences their attitudes toward or avoids the object.Transcription attitude model consists of cognitive, affective and connotative components, consumers perceive and learn about company's products such as a stylish and self-assembly of Kike's products, price competitive and assembled products of Preterit's products, consumers evaluate those particular products & services attributes, form a preference and intent to buy. KEA has provided customized, DID, Nordic stylish & self-assembly products, and Preterit provided a localized design, assembled products. Those specific brand's product features is influence consumer attitude, both perform attitude-toward-object model.For examples, KEA illustrate FAX wardrobe's features, consumers can customize their individual need with huge range accessories to create their dreams wardrobes. Muff can be based on space, budget, amount of clothing and home-style to create an ideal wardrobe† consumers evaluate the wardrobes functions, what and how it can provide and belief the wardrobes can satisfy their need. Attitudes are also influence by company's marketing strategy, a societal marketing strategy of KEA ‘people & plant' which influence consumer's attitudes towards their brand, attitude-toward-the-ad model is examined.TV ads, Backbone, APS provide an important source to influence consumer's personal experiences, family and friends. These marketing strategies can change consumer's attitudes due a brands is in conflict with consumer attitude. For aforesaid example, an environmentally-oriented ‘People & Planet Positive' strategy, their attitude may change toward to ‘KEA, Resolving woo conflicting attitudes is examined. Advertisements with product specification, real life scenario presented in catalogues which changing the basic motivational function in KEA catalogs.Learning Advertising promotional videos, price & store displays are cues of ‘KEA, Preterit to stimuli consumer's motives directly, consumers responded to surfing their websites they looking for or go to the shops to look around displayed furniture & price. If consumer is rewarded, they learned to associate the purchase with a pleasant feeling and are likely to repeat the learned behavior and become a loyal customer. For instant, KEA store displayed in real life scenario which may serve as a cue for consumers, and constitute their response that they c onsider ready to buy.Reinforcement increases the likelihood that specific response will occur in the future as the result of particular cues. ‘KEA, Preterit are well-know and favorable brand, according to classical conditioning theory, ‘KEA, Preterit are an unconditioned stimulus, the unconditional response is consumer perception, KEA implies that the products are stylish, Preterit implies that the products are practice and popular, conditioned response would be consumer ring their furniture because of the belief that they embody which their name is associated.Instrumental conditioning is examine while consumer learn, for example, stores carry the wardrobes they prefer at prices they can afford to pay by shopping a number of stores (KEA, Preterit, DISC, etc. ), one they find KEA wardrobe meets their needs, they are likely to make decision to buy. While consumer is satisfied, they are more likely to repeat buying furniture at ‘KEA, KEA store loyalty is reinforced. T o reinforce the behavior, KEA perform a positive reinforcement by repeating ‘design better home & low price' messages.By assuring customer satisfaction with their products, the service & buying experience. For examples, KEA business provides home design service a close personalized relationship with customers is also another form of nonproductive reinforcement. A systematic reinforcement encourage customer to repeat purchase, consumer receive their cash coupons after they brought a certain amount. Output When couple find a brand product such as KEA wardrobe fit their need, they decide to purchase. After they used, they evaluate the wardrobe's performance, a postprocessor evaluation is perform. A positive discrimination is when the