Idealistic vs. Naturalistic Art Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Idealistic vs. Naturalistic Art - Essay Example In contrast, some artwork focuses more on depicting the naturalistic qualities of the subject. Artists do this in order to capture the raw emotion of the scene and give the viewer an accurate, unbiased image that reflects the reality of their time. People viewing the artwork can determine which type of art it is, idealistic or naturalistic, based on specific elements seen within the painting. During my visit to the Utah Museum of Fine arts, I chose two pieces of art that I believe show the difference between naturalistic and idealistic qualities. By examining the Equestrian Statue of Louis XIV by Jacques-Phillippe Bouchardon as an example of idealistic art and the painting "Preparation for Dinner" by James Taylor Harwood as an example of naturalistic art, it becomes easier to discuss the differences between these two painting styles. The Equestrian Statue of Louis XIV by Bouchardon now on display at the Utah Museum of Fine Arts is a reduction model of a seven-meter statue built by Fr ancois Girardon and installed in 1699 at the Place Louis-le-Grand in France, what is today the Place Vendome (Louvre). Converting that into American measurements, the original statue was almost 23 feet tall not counting its pedestal, which added another 10 meters or almost 33 feet. The original statue was built in 1685 when Louis XIV’s war minister created a new square in Paris and chose Girardon to sculpt a full-scale statue of the king. His choice of artist and his intentions for the square were mostly influenced by his desire to create a more magnificent square than that created to celebrate the king's earlier victories in the Dutch War of 1679 (Louvre). The large square in Paris was the perfect setting for such a marvelous statue of the king to stand. King Louis XIV holds the merit for being the longest reigning king in European history, governing for seventy-two years. Unfortunately, the original statue, which took two years to create, was destroyed in 1792 with the firs t wave of the French Revolutionary wars (Art Tribune), but several smaller models had been made. The sculpture has many idealistic qualities to it that aid in celebrating the royal image of king. For example, the piece shows Louis XIV as a Roman emperor, calling on the authority of the ancients to equate him with the heroes of the ages. He is shown wearing a contemporary curly wig and sitting atop a strong steed, further demonstrating his ties to authority and nobility. The quality of the horse is also intended to reflect on the quality of the man as the head of a wealthy and prosperous nation. Louis sits the horse without saddle or stirrups. This can have a few interpretations. First, it shows that the rider has enough grace and agility to be able to remain on the back of such a powerful horse without having to be buckled in place or hold on to some kind of strap. Second, it proves his mastery over all things in that he can presumably convince the horse to do what he wants with ver y little effort. The horse itself stands majestically in a walking position with one leg raised and one leg standing on the shield and sword of a defeated enemy. As a result, the artist has captured the king as an active participant in the wars he has led, shows the horse to be a warhorse (adding yet more prestige to the idea that the king is controlling him without stirrups), and demonstrates the king

Stereotype Threat Is A Phenomenon Psychology Essay

Stereotype Threat Is A Phenomenon Psychology Essay Membership in a stereotyped group is the one condition that must always be present in order for stereotype threat to occur. Everyone is a member of at least one stereotyped group, and is vulnerable to being affected by stereotype threat in different situations. Although greatly contested, women and members of ethnic minorities are not the only groups affected by stereotype threat. Research on stereotype threat has shown that a diverse set of groups can be affected by stereotype threat. Aronson, Lustina, Good, Keough, Steele, and Brown (1999) showed that White males performed worse on a math test when the performance of Asians in mathematics was made salient. In this context, White males are part of the stereotyped group because of the stereotype that White males are worse at math than Asian males. Individuals Who Identify Strongly With Groups Certain individuals are more vulnerable to stereotype threat than others because their memberships are salient to them in many situations. These individuals strongly identify with groups which use gender or ethnicity as inclusive criteria. This strong identification with groups can make stereotypes chronically accessible (what does this mean?). In turn, they will increase stereotype threat more often and in varying situations. Whereas certain individuals need to have their stereotyped group membership made salient, these individuals are always aware of their stereotypes. Marx, Stapel and Muller (2005) found that the performance of women on a math test was inversely proportionate to the degree to which their gender was emphasized. Cole, Matheson and Anisman (2007) found similar results. Higher ethnic identification predicted greater psychological distress and poorer performance for minority students in their first year of college. Stereotype Belief and Knowledge Though stereotype threat can arise in situations where the person is unconsciously aware of the stereotype, it is more easily processed when the person is aware or knowledgeable of the stereotype. Since adults are usually aware of many stereotypes, McKown and Weinstein (2003) conducted a study that examined the knowledge of stereotypes by children and its effects on their performance in domains that produce stereotype threat in adults. The researchers found that children who were aware of stereotypes were more likely to show effects of stereotype threat. Belief of stereotypes is another factor that affects the degree to which a stereotype threat is experienced. In a study by Schmader, Johns, and Barquissau (2004), women who endorsed gender stereotypes about womens math ability did worse on a task in the stereotyped domain when under stereotype threat more so than their counterparts who did not endorse a gender stereotype. Consequences of Stereotype Threat Decreased Performance on Tasks Test performance in academic settings is the context in which most stereotype threat research is conducted. Cole, Matheson and Anisman (2007) found that ethnic minority students at a predominantly White Canadian institution showed increased levels of anxiety and depression compared to the White students, and had lower grades at the end of the school year. Scores on Ravens Advanced Progressive Matrices (APM) task, a task that has been described as being a pure measure of cognitive ability and culture-free, have been shown to be affected by stereotype threat (Brown Day, 2006). Performance on tasks in other domains has also been affected by stereotype threat. Undergraduate female golfers performed more poorly when the stereotype of females being poor golfers was purported either subtly or blatantly (Stone McWhinnie, 2008). The reason for reduced performance when under stereotype threat has been attributed to factors such as anxiety (Max Stropel, 2006), physiological arousal (Blascovic h et al., 2001) and reduced working memory capacity (Schmader and Johns, 2003). Changes in Appraisal of Situations When faced with stereotype threat, individuals use different strategies to account for lapses in their performance. Some individuals attribute internal reasons/causes as to why they failed the task. In a study by Koch, MÃ ¼ller, and Sieverding (2008), participants were asked to find a document on a computer and save it to an external storage device. Participants were told that women perform worse on the task than men (stereotype threat condition for women) or that women perform better on the task than men (stereotype threat condition for men). Women in the stereotype threat condition were more likely to make internal attributions for their failures than men in the same experiment. Self-handicapping is another strategy used by individuals affected by stereotype threat. These individuals erect barriers to performance in order to provide attributions for their failure (Stone, 2002). A specific type of self handicapping is task discounting. Tasks are critiqued in some way in order to ex plain poor performance. A study by Lesko and Corpus (2006) found that women who were taking part in a math task and under stereotype threat were more likely to agree with statements such as this test is not an accurate measurement of my math ability. Reducing Stereotype Threat Reframing the Task Stereotype threat can arise when task descriptions or test instructions make threatened identities and negative stereotypes more accessible. Ergo, stereotype threat can be reduced by reframing a task in such a way that stereotypes are not invoked or made salient. Steele and Aronson (1995) were able to reduce stereotype threat by explicitly stating that a test was not diagnostic in nature. Though this strategy is unrealistic in regular testing situations, other task reframing methods have been shown to be equally effective. Gender stereotypes are common, and affect the performance of women in stereotyped domains (Spencer, Steele Quinn, 1999). However, gender stereotypes and their subsequent effect on test performance can be reduced by reframing the task. For example, Spencer, Steele and Quinn (1999) showed that when both male and female participants completed a mathematics test and were told that there would be gender differences, the males outperformed the females. Contrarily, when the task was reframed and the participants were told that there would be no gender differences, the scores of the male and female participants were equivalent. Another task reframing strategy is addressing the fairness of the task. Good, Aronson and Harder (2008) were able to reduce stereotype threat present on a mathematical ability test by assuring the test takers that this mathematics test has not shown any gender differences in performance or mathematics ability. Even the though the tests outlined in the above studies were diagnostic in nature, reframing the tasks was able to negate potential stereotype threat effects. Task reframing strategies can be employed by testing agencies in order to reduce the potential effects of stereotype threat, which can affect the scores of test takers belonging to certain demographics on standardized tests. De-emphasizing Threatened Identities Stereotype threat can be reduced in situations where the threatened social identities are made less salient. Threatened social identities can consist of gender, ethnicity, socioeconomic status and other domains that are often stereotyped. Stricker and Ward (2004) conducted field studies that examined the effects of asking about ethnicity prior to Advanced Placement (AP) calculus exams. A re-analysis of their data by Danaher and Crandall (2008) found that soliciting identity information at the end of the exam decreased sex differences in test scores by 33% compared to when identity questions were asked at the beginning of the exam. Danaher and Crandall concluded that if the demographic questions were asked at the end of AP calculus exams, 4700 additional female students would receive a credit annually. Stereotype threat can also be reduced if individuals are encouraged to think in ways that reduce the significance of the threatened identity. Ambady, Paik, Steele, Owen-Smith and Mitchell (2004) found that when women were individuated by having aspects of the self made more salient, they performed better on a difficult math test than women who were not individuated. The researchers concluded that individuation allows individuals to distance themselves from the threatened social identity. Emphasizing the similarities between groups has also been shown to reduce stereotype threat. Rosenthal, Crisp and Sue (2007) found that generating similarities between men and women in academic settings led to higher performance expectations and improved performance by women in a stereotyped domain. Rosenthal, Crisp and Sue (2007) selected mathematical ability as the stereotyped domain in which similarities between ingroup and outgroup employment strategies would be tested. Individuals with multiple social identities have a low risk of being affected by stereotype threat. Gresky, Ten Eyck, Lord and McIntyre (2005) examined the role of multiple social identities in undergraduate university students. The participants were instructed to answer questions from what was supposedly a new version of the GRE math exam. Stereotype treat was induced by informing the participants that men usually outperform women on math tests. The participants were then split into three conditions. Before the math test, some subjects were instructed to create a simple self-concept map whereas others were instructed to create a complex self-concept map. Subjects in the control condition did not create a self-concept map. The female participants who did not create a self-concept map or created a simple self-concept map performed poorly on the math test whereas the female participants who were instructed to create a complex self-concept map were unaffected by the stereotype threat ma nipulation. Creating self-concept maps did not have an effect on the scores of the male participants, presumably because they were not affected by the stereotype threat manipulation. Consequently, encouraging stereotype threatened individuals to think of themselves as multifaceted individuals reduces vulnerability to stereotype threat effects. Though all people have multiple identities, some are more vulnerable to stereotype threat than others. This can be explained by the fact that different social identities are highlighted to different degrees in individuals. Having stereotyped social identities that are easily highlighted (not the right word) increases the vulnerability of an individual to stereotype threat. Mcglone and Aronson (2006) demonstrated this effect by instructing participants to complete the Vandenberg Mental Rotation Test (VMRT) in varying conditions of identity salience. This salience was achieved by having participants complete questionnaires that highlighted different social identities. For the male participants, performance on the VMRT was best when gender was made salient and worst when their status as citizens of the Northeast was made salient. The female participants performed the best when their college identity was made salient and performed the worst when their gender was emphasized. Affirming Self-Worth Stereotype threat acts on an individuals fear of confirming negative stereotypes (Steele Aronson, 1995). Self-affirmation can be used as a strategy to protect the self from perceived threats. Self-worth can be increased by encouraging people to think about characteristics, roles and skills that they are proud of or view as important. Schimel, Arndt, Banko and Cook (2004) examined whether self-affirmation and affirming self-worth can protect individuals from stereotype threat. Before completing a math test, female participants were randomly assigned sentence fragments to complete that provided either intrinsic affirmation, extrinsic affirmation or no affirmation. The participants were also placed in either a stereotype threat or control condition. The researchers found that women in the stereotype threat condition who reaffirmed their self worth by completing the sentence fragments that provided intrinsic motivation performed better on the exam in the stereotype threat condition than in the control condition. Conversely, women in the stereotype threat condition who extrinsically self-affirmed performed worse in the stereotype threat condition compared to the control condition. Cohen, Garcia, Apfel and Master (2006) came to similar conclusions when studying seventh grade students in racially diverse middle schools. Students were assigned to self-affirmation conditions and no self-affirmation conditions. The students in the self-affirmation condition were instructed to write an essay that indicated values that were important to them and why they were important to them. Students who did not self-affirm were instructed to write an essay about their least important values and why they were not important. The researchers found that African-American students in the self-affirmation condition performed 0.3 grade points better over the semester compared to African-American students who did not self-affirm. These results are notable because African-American students are the demographic that is usually most affected by stereotype threat in academic settings. As a result, enhancing the individuals internal coping capacity through providing affirmation has shown to improve the performance of individuals that are most susceptible to stereotype threat. Providing Role Models Individuals who focus on outgroup members who perform well on a specific domain have a negative effect on their performance on tasks from that domain. Huguet and RÃ ©gner (2007) showed that the performance of female participants on a math test in a mixed environment was negatively affected by their thoughts about males who performed well in mathematics. This type of stereotype threat effect can be reduced by providing ingroup role models that are proficient in a specific domain. Marx and Roman (2002) examined this effect by providing females with role models who were competent in math. Male and female participants were given a difficult math test to complete. When the experimenter was a male, the female participants performed poorer on the exam than the male participants. However, when the test was administered by a female who embodied subject confidence, the female participants performed equally as well as the male participants. The role models provided do not need to be present in order to reduce stereotype threat. Various studies have shown that stereotype threat can be reduced by providing role models through priming. McIntyre et al. (2005) examined the relation between exposure to positive role models through priming and reduction of stereotype threat effects. Undergraduate students were asked to participate in two studies, and were told that women perform worse than men on math tests. The researchers also manipulated the tasks by having the participants read anywhere from 0-4 essays describing successful women. The researchers found that the performance of the female participants increased as the number of essay read increased, supporting the finding that providing role models decreases stereotype threat effect. Attributing Difficulties to External Factors The effects of stereotype threat can be reduced if difficulties on tasks are attributed to external factors rather than the self. Ben-Zeev, Fein, and Inzlicht (2005) illustrated the effect of attributing difficulties to external factors on stereotype threat. Women who identified highly with mathematics completed a math test in the presence of either 2 males (stereotype threat condition) or 2 females (control condition). Participants were also shown a subliminal noise generator before the test. They were told that the machine would either increase arousal and heart rate or that it would not produce any adverse effects. The female participants in the stereotype threat condition performed worse on the math test only when they were told that the subliminal noise generator would not produce any adverse effects. The participants who were told that the machine would increase arousal attributed their difficulties to the noise generator, and did not experience stereotype threat effects. Provi ding subliminal noise generators are not practical in normal testing situations. However, recent studies have used different techniques to produce the same effect. Johns, Inzlict and Schmader (2008) eliminated stereotype threat effect by telling individuals under stereotype threat conditions that the anxious feelings they were experiencing would not hinder their performance, and might even improve their performance. Attributing difficulties to external factors is a strategy that can be utilized effectively in order to reduce stereotype threat. Conclusion Stereotype threat is highly pervasive and is not restricted to people with certain characteristics or backgrounds. Although it can affect anyone, certain individuals are more susceptible to the effects of stereotype threat than others. The effects of stereotype threat make it a serious problem that needs to be addressed. The literature has revealed that although stereotype threat cannot be completely eliminated, certain cognitive reappraisal strategies can help reduce or attenuate its effects. These strategies include reframing tasks, providing role models, providing external attributions for difficulties and deemphasizing threatened social identities. These strategies have been shown to be effective, and should be considered in situations where stereotype threat is known to be present.

art :: essays research papers

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  When looking into society once can be influenced by a number of issues. These issues can include art. Art is work that is put together by an individual. It is a true creative act that is used as a form of expression from the artist. Art is inspiring and can influence a society. Art work is seen through acting, music, and pictures.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Firstly, one can see art through acting. Acting is a performance in which one disguises themselves and become a different individual. Acting is an expression of oneself. This act can be seen in plays, on Television and in movies. Acting is important to a society for it provides an escape route as well as a form of entertainment. Without acting there would be more boredom. Many rely on going to plays as well as watching television. Without these forms of art, it would be difficult for one to stay entertained. Acting is a form of art that is important to a society.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Secondly, music is a form of art. Song writers and singers use their talent to make music. Music is in spring and can influence others. Music can be seen as a form of entertainment also. It is constantly being played on the radio as well as clubs and concerts. Many listen to music to become entertained. For some, listening to an inspired song can effect their views, can also influence into reaching goals. Music is a well known form of art.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Lastly, art can be seen in art galleries. Some forms of art that are usually seen are sculptures, paintings, and also photographs. All these forms are made uniquely and by persons. It is the fact that it is made by thought and made by a person that is called art. Sculptures of people and objects can be inspiring and educational to many. Paintings and photographs can contrast a mood in which can inspire a person. These forms of art are very important to society. If there were no galleries nor any forms of art than this world would be plain. Art forms surround society making it a more interesting, creative place.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Art can bee seen in many places, it is everywhere one turns; billboards, houses, business buildings, outside.

Chapter Notes: Leaf-Fall 1666

Chapter Notes: Leaf-Fall 1666 We have looked at the first chapter – which chronologically occurs towards the end of the text, and discussed some of the reasons why Brooks might choose to structure her novel in this way. We see a lot of characters interacting with each other in ways that are quite different to the next chapter, demonstrating how much they have changed during the time of the plague. Brooks has taken her time here to describe the desolation of the garden that Elinor cared so much for – this reflects the desolation of the village and the characters – particularly Mompellion whose despair is so evident here.Anna (our narrator) is stoic, and is keeping things afloat. Her caring nature is evident in her attempts to assist Mompellion and also in her care for his horse Anteros. However, she refers to herself as a servant and you have all picked up on the fact that her behaviour does not at all resemble that of a servant. This foreshadows the tremendous jo urney (that ‘Year of Wonders’) the reader is about to see Anna embark on. Chapter Notes: Ring of Roses Refers to children’s rhyme supposedly about the plague. Certainly echoes the plague sores that are found on George Viccars body during this chapter.The chapter ironically begins with Anna saying that the last winter – when her husband died – was the most difficult she had lived. No-one expected this plague. We examined the burgeoning relationship with George which is cut short by his illness. We see Anna’s passion for her children (challenging God’s edict that none be placed before him) and her desire to be with a man again. We learn a lot about the lives of women in puritanical society in this chapter, and how Anna is already different from them. `Chapter Notes: The Thunder of his Voice Meaning of the title becomes apparent in the very last page of the chapter.Has a religious resonance. We are introduced to Anys Gowdie in this chapte r – a woman quite unlike those of her time. Anna feels drawn to her and changes many opinions in discussion with her, showing us how unusual Anna herself is for a woman of the time. Anys reveals her affair with George and his intentions to Anna. There are no deaths in the chapter – but the plague is discussed at the dinner at the Bradfords where Anna is serving. Anna goes home and checks her boys – both appear unafflicted. Chapter Notes: Rat-Fall. Obviously modeled on Leaf-Fall, what is the meaning of this chapter title?It begins with glorious descriptions of nature – the people believe they have contained the plague. Anna plays with her children and interestingly, Mompellion enters the picture. Very Garden-of-Eden-esque. Anna is uncomfortable around him. This stands in stark contrast to what we are about to experience. The boys playing with the dead rats is ominous. The weather soon changes, and Anna remarks on the insects biting her boys. She longs to t alk with Anys and begin to see the world in ways that she does. One of the boys playing with the rats starts showing symptoms. Mem Gowdie is sent away as they fetch a physician.The physician flees from the plague. Anna’s baby Tom dies during the chapter. Aphra scolds her for doting in him – she has lost many babes herself. She tells her it is folly to love them until they are walking and talking. It is clear that the plague has struck the town. Chapter Notes: Sign of a Witch Anna compares the plague to the falling of a whip that continues to strip a man’s back on p. 81. We learn that her elder son Jamie passes away even as he is still grieving for his brother. Anna tries a number of remedies to soothe or cure Jamie which must have been common at the time, to no avail.In fact, they seem to make things worse. It is only Anys who is able to soothe him – she promises Anna prophetically on p. 84 that her arms wont be empty for long. Mompellion comes to pray fo r Jamie and Anna â€Å"hears the words as if far away†. P. 86 Anna tells us of her grief and her inability to understand why she has not succumbed when her children and many around her have. Of particular importance are the questions she asks in the graveyard on p. 87. While all this is happening (which is personal and thus central to our narrator) it is clear the plague has spread throughout the village.It has certainly not been contained as they hoped. The townspeople seek a scapegoat, and Anna comes upon them accusing Mem Gowdie. Anys is not far behind and they seek to lessen the hysteria that has grabbed all around them. Pp. 89 – 91. Brooks creates a lot of tension in these pages. The responses of the townspeople here will prove useful in a number of possible themes to discuss around the text. In saving Mem Anys draws attention to herself and Anna finds that her loose tongue around Anys and George helps condemn her friend. Anys uses all her wits to distract and ang er the villagers and accepts that her death is inevitable.Her actions here may be hard to understand and we will need to discuss them. Mompellion comes to confront them but is too late to save Anys. They have created yet another tragedy within their town, and unwittingly destroyed the woman who may best have helped. Consider the irony of Mompellion’s comment: â€Å"oh yes, the devil has been here tonight†. Chapter Notes: Venom in the Blood The atmosphere in the village gets bleaker and Brooks comments that the witch’s blood has not saved those that followed her into her grave. Mem Gowdie falls ill and is taken into care at the rectory, but passes soon after.The herblore of the village is lost. No law is willing to come to the town to hold anyone accountable for what happened. Suprisingly, Mompellion’s sermon preaches love rather than punishment of vengeance (pp. 102 – 103), and he invites his predecessor Reverend Stanley to come into the Church (p. 100). This is significant given the religious upheaval of the time. The two have worked together for the good of the town and the older man shows his support of the younger. Mompellion pleas for them all the stay confined in the village rather than spread the plague seeds.Many agree, some if only for lack of food and provisions to travel. This is all evident in the conversations after the service. It also becomes clear that neighbouring villagers will send them food if they stay on quarantine. The Bradfords are not noticed slipping our quietly from the proceedings. This is a powerful chapter title and its meaning will require discussion. Chapter Notes: Wide Green Prison Those that stay in Eyam feel a kind of grace in their decision, which is juxtaposed with the hasty and discourteous exit of the Bradfords. They even defy the reverend’s pleas.Bradford accuses Mompellion of just trying to make the villagers feel better about having to stay (p. 115), which threatens the gentle peace many found at the church earlier. Consider the title of the chapter when discussing this. Many servants are left without a home or job and are distributed amongst the village. Kindness even in their darkest hour. This is worth noting – the darker aspects of humanity depicted in these chapters often outweighs the good we could see if we looked too (p. 117). Elinor gets on with the business of helping the town.We have some good examples here of the teamwork and balance in the relationship between Elinor and Michael. Elinor encourages Anna to help with midwivery, although Anna has horrible memories of her mother dying in childbirth pp 120 – 121, because they are â€Å"all that she has†. Elinor takes some milk of the poppy in case it is needed, and Anna calls upon her memories of the manner and technique of Anys Gowdie. On p. 122 she says the words the Gowdies said: May the Seven Direction Guide this Work, and feels that Anys is there guiding her as to how to deliver the baby safely.That night, they celebrate life instead of death, but Anna pockets the little vial of milk of the poppy at the end of the chapter. Chapter Notes: So Soon to be Dust The title from the chapter comes from the English burial service taken from Genesis 3:19. Why might this be important? The story of Jakob Brand and Maggie Cantwell shows us the types of responses people from Eyam might find in the neighbouring villagers. (pp. 129 – 131) Anna has a confrontation with her drunk father (pp. 133 – 135) and we found out more about her relationship and responses to him. Chapter Notes: The Poppies of LetheThis chapter titles strikes me as somewhat ironic – poppies stand for rememberness but Lethe represents forgetting and oblivion – oblivion brought on my remembering? Does this make sense in Anna’s case? Its also a very dark chapter whereby Anna questions whether she can go on amongst all the death and loss. Anna begins the chapter by m using about falling down a hill – a metaphor for her temptation with the poppy she lifted at the end of the previous chapter. It is a substance she knows from when Sam broke his leg and was treated by the Gowdie’s. Anna repents her theft but cannot bring herself to give the vial back.She makes a concoction of poppy and honey to hide the bitter taste and experiences sweet dreams of her dead children. The day she awakes to seems darker for her efforts, but she notices her mind is calm and she has slept well for the first time in a long time – 10 hours. The day is indeed bitter as she comes across plague ridden Sally Maston (p. 140) whose mother has died already and cannot care for her or ease her suffering. Anna looks after the children as best she can, but recognizes that it is a deathwatch. There is an interesting exchange with the sexton (a church official who comes to pick up bodies) on p. 41 that shows the exhausted attitude of the townspeople to death. Elino r tells Anna that her childhood friend Lib Hancock (who she told the gossip about Anys and George too which eventually led to Anys’ downfall) lies on her death bed. Anna rushes to her, but she is too far for them to put the incident behind them. After these traumas, Anna again relies on the poppy for sweet dreams, but she wakes up to the harsh reality that she has no more. She then remembers the herb stores at the Gowdies and sets off to replenish her stock. On her way, she visits the Talbot cottage as she does not see smoke coming from the chimney.She discovers two things there – that Richard Talbot has attempted to burn off his plague sore in an effort to burn out the disease, and also that Kate has brought a charm (like a spell) to attempt to dispel the plague also. She tells Anna she brought it from the spirit of Anys Gowdie. Anna knows this to be untrue, but cannot solve the mystery just now. When she arrives at the Gowdie cottage she finds Elinor there, who she m omentarily mistakes for the ghost of Anys. Elinor explains that she is there to learn what herb lore she can from the Gowdies, in hopes of saving the town.Elinor reveals she is well aware why Anna is there, and convinces her that she should not attempt to forget her boys through escape via the poppy. She asks Anna if she had sweet dreams and she answers ‘the sweetest I have ever known†. (p. 149). Elinor says she remembers this well, and warns her that the poppy is â€Å"a jealous friend and will not lightly loosen its embrace† (p. 149). She goes on to reveal her sad history to Anna (pp. 150 – 155) and how she came to marry Michael. She does not however reveal all and the biggest secret will be revealed by Michael in the final pages of the novel.They begin their work with the herbs and Elinor has made a study of the victims and notices that while the plague has claimed many, it has not claimed many â€Å"silver hairs†. They decide to start arming the young with as many natural medicines as possible. Anna worries about how she will cope without the poppies and notes that she can always find them amongst the Gowdie’s garden. Question your response to this. Anna also realizes she can throw herself into her work, and this may keep her going. Chapter Notes: Among Those That Go Down to the Pit A very long chapter.Michael is exhausted and Elinor and Anna try to convince him not to do so much. The reader should take note of the relationship and balance between Michael and Elinor after Elinor’s revelation of the previous chapter. Jakob Merill dies and young Brand who has been living with them and caring for the children is named his heir. Anna notes that the cold season demands so much of her – she is busy every minute of every day, delivering babies and learning about the herbs. She explains the processes she and Elinor try, and how they learn through trial and error.They rest only on Sunday – when Elinor dre ads to see in the church pews how they are losing the battle (p. 167-8) In his service, Mompellion says that he must close the church and the church yard – there are too many dead to bury there. He asks the parishners not to worry about not being buried on hallowed ground, God will find them. He faints at the pulpit. Reverend Stanley takes over. Elinor and Anna take him back to the rectory. In this chapter we also learn about the plight of Merry Wickford, a miner’s daughter who alone survives the plague. The other miner’s may take her father’s area if she is unable to produce a dish of lead.Unable to convince the other miners to help Merry, Elinor tells Anna they should help as Anna has knowledge of the mines from Sam. This frightens Anna, who knows enough to recognize how dangerous this is. She also knows that miners are superstitious about having any women near them (p. 175) Nonetheless they take Sam’s gear and try (p. 178). Anna is gripped by fe ar and the two women soon realize they are unable to meet the challenge. Anna remembers that fire-setting can be used, a dangerous practice that cost Sam his life. Elinor encourages her saying that the Plague could catch them any day.Elinor wants to accompany her but (for the first time) Anna speaks harshly to her if the silliness of not being out there to dig her out if needs be (p. 184). Earth buries her and Anna accepts her death. However, Elinor and Merry have both not obeyed her instructions and are on hand to dig her out. They present the overladen dish and save Merry’s mine. Mompellion is amused by Elinor’s presence of mind and outfit. Anna sleeps well that night. (p 188) Chapter Notes: the Body of the Mine Anna recovers from her wounds. Joss Bont takes on the role of grave digger, eeking hefty payment from those too weak or sick to bury their dead. The chapter continues with further examples of his greed and callousness. The final straw is when he digs a grave for Christopher Unwin who lies ill but not dying. He does not even have the plague. When Unwin lives, Bont angrily demands payment for the services that were neither asked for nor necessary. (pp. 196 – 197) Bont is humiliated by Mompellion. Anna hears that her father is thrown out of the tavern, and worries for her stepmother and her children. Aphra laughs when she hears and says â€Å"I am my own ways of bridling that mule† (p. 98). However, that night Bont hits him with his spade and attempts to bury him anyway, in order to steal his goods(p. 199 – 200) Unwin takes his grievance to the Body of the Mine (from the last chapter) as the only quasi-legal system left.. Unwin is also a miner and thus has rights to this. No one speaks up for Bont and he is sentenced to have his hands impaled to a stone as punishment for theft. It is generally up to kin to retrieve the accused, but Aphra’s children are all but one sickened with the plague and she cannot go. Anna doesn’t realize this and never seeks him out.Bont dies on the hill – which leads to greater tragedies later (pp. 204 – 205). His body is partially eaten by animals, and Aphra has to deal with this just after she buried three of her children with her own hands. Her behavior at the Grave is strange and unholy, even for one as superstitious as her( pp. 207 – 208). Chapter Notes: The Press of their Ghosts Anna grieves her father and the rectory and tells his history to Elinor. We learn to have some sympathy for him in this (pp. 209 – 210). Anna feels free of him after the telling – like she is strong enough to face him now.Anna and Elinor’s strength and resilence is contrasted with the other women in the town who are buying charms to ward off the plague. Spring arrives and the lambs are born easily and the village looks pretty again. Although Anna notes it does not over-shadow the still dwindling numbers when they go to pray at Cucklett Delf. Half way through June the village has lost half its population to the plague and this takes its toll on people. Anna details the changed appearance of John Gordon who punishes his body to atone for his sins. (p. 217 – 219). Mompellion and Anna later visit his wife to confirm this.John is later found dead and his wife contracts the plague a week later. This makes voices whisper as to whether he was right or not. Jane Martin takes to sleeping with many men to survive. Mompellion chastises her for it harshly (rather than the man), does Elinor’s history have anything to do with this? The chapter ends ironically with Anna feeling jealous of the Mompellions for having each other (pp. 228 – 229) Chapter Notes: A Great Burning Elinor begins coughing which sends Anna into a panic (pp. 232 – 233). She reflects on all that Elinor has meant to her (pp. 34 – 235) and Elinor asks Anna to look after Michael. Her fever breaks on p. 237. It is not the plague. Michael is overjoyed and Anna is jealous again (p. 239). Renewed, Michael preaches to the villagers that there should be a great burning of their possesions that might carry the plague (he is inspired by Urith Gordon here, who accepted possessions from plague homes and died). He calls it a sacrifice to God. Aphra is drawn to the fire in black rags – it becomes clear that she is pretending to be the ghost of Anys Gowdie and selling the charms around the village (p. 243).The villagers turn on her, and Michael tells them not to violate this spiritual place. Aphra is taken and held by two farmers – who cruelly throw her into a pit of manure which she must tread all night (p. 245 – 246). Elinor and Anna try to bathe and soothe her but she is angry and accuses Elinor of stealing Anna and her children (pp. 247 -248). Anna worries for Faith, the remaining girl and when she eventually goes to look for her finds something startling (pp. 249 – 251). Chapter Notes: Deliverance Anna comments that she avoids Aphra and wishes she hadn’t – foreshadowing again.They realize that they have not had new deaths for some time and hope that the plague has passed. Michael comments that new growth is present at the site of the Great Burning. Michael and Elinor argue about whether or not it is yet time to celebrate the passing of the plague. Michael wants to hold off. In tears, Elinor comments that not all are as strong of will as he. What does this mean really? Eventually a date is fixed and Michael and Elinor dress in white, Elinor with spring blooms in her arms. As he begins to give thanks, Aphra appears.She is clearly mad and blames Mompellion. Mompellion attempts to calm her and sadly Faith’s corpse is damaged in this. Aphra swings wildly with the knife, ending her own life and Elinor’s. (pp. 257 – 259) Chapter Notes – Apple-Picking Time Faith, Elinor and Aphra are buried and Anna considers how best to serve the memory of her friend (pp. 264 – 264). Michael goes into seclusion. He cannot bear Anna to speak of Elinor. When Anna offers to shave him they have an intimate moment (p. 266). Memories of the past run rampant here.Michael is astonished that Anna can read Latin. Michael remains alone for a season and Anna says she cannot rouse him. She brings him the good news of the town, showing the reader that life is moving forward outside the walls of the rectory (pp. 269 – 270). Anna decides to embrace life and make the most of it, symbolized by taking Anteros off for a ride. Mompellion is enraged and Anna takes him into her arms (pp. 273 – 281). He relationship begins but is destroyed by the revelation that he never slept with Elinor. Anna feels she has stolen something from Elinor (p. 83) She finds Michael cruel and perverse (p. 284). She comes upon Elizabeth Bradford and agrees to go and tend the birth. The surgeon abandoned a case Anna solves easily and she remarks tha t the little girl reminds her that she is to go on (p. 287). She saves the child from being killed as the result of adultery and promises to leave the village and care for the girl herself. (pp. 288 – 291). She is given jewels to do this. Anna plans to leave her cottage to Merry Wickford and plans to swap her sheep for a donkey to carry her away. Mompellion interrupts her planning.He knows the whole story and feels Anna may be in danger from those who would seek to destroy the child still. He gives her Anteros and an escape route (pp. 293 – 294). Chapter Notes: The Waves, Like Ridges of a Plough’d Land (Epilogue) The epilogue begins with Anna remembering a poem and marveling that it was written by a woman, showing how small she once believed the world and the capacity of women to be. She describes where she has ended up and how she got there. There are many key passages to look at, and much discussion to be had for the purpose of this chapter.

An Ideal Type of Security Investment in Malaysia Essay

First of all, we as group have chosen Unit Trust as the best choice in conjunction to the topic of ideal type of security investments according to our understanding and beliefs. According to an article that we have researched, the Federation of Malaysian Unit Trust Managers (FMUTM) defines that unit trust is a form of collective investment which allows investors with similar investment objectives to pool their funds to be invested in a portfolio of securities of other assets. A professional fund manager will then invest the pooled funds in a portfolio. It includes assets classes such as cash, bonds and deposits, shares, property, and commodities. The ownership of the funds is divided into units of entitlement; hence, unit holders do not purchase the securities in the portfolio directly. Consequently, when the funds of the mentioned asset classes’ increases or decreases, then the value of each issued unit increases or decreases accordingly. Besides that, the return on investment (ROI) of unit holders is usually in the form of income distribution and capital appreciation which is derived from the pool of assets supporting the unit trust fund. Unit trust also allows investors to have easy access to a wide range of investments exposures which are not normally available to them. There are a number of other substantial benefits of investing in unit trust. Amongst them are that unit trust are very affordable. Investors are eligible to start with an investment amount as low as RM1000. In addition, rather than concentrating an investment portfolio of one or two investments or share, a portfolio of market securities can be held. Meaning, there is a wider spread of the investments which is also know diversification; hence the investment returns will be less volatile. Through unit trust investment, individual investors have better chances to spread their money to wider asset classes in the same time gaining their particular investment exposure requirements. On top of that, unit trusts have good liquidity which further enhances chances of profits of an investor. Other than that, as mentioned a little earlier on, the people managing unit trusts are approved professionals whom are trained to ensure that decision-making is structured and according to sound investment principles. In the long term, the expertise of a knowledgeable and experienced fund manager usually generates above average investment returns for unit trust investors. Subsequently, with unit trust, the economics of the transaction are more favorable because fund managers invest in larger amounts. Hence, it means that fund managers are able to get access to wholesale fees and products which are impossible for the individual investors to obtain; in return, this action reduces the cost and charges and further enhances the profit for the investment of the investors. Moving on, with the introduction of unit trusts in Malaysia came also the regulations from various regulators, especially the Securities Commission. The entire range of variables relating to the unit trust industry is governed by various legislations in order to protect the interest of the public investors and also a safe investment mechanism to prevent any frauds.

Ryanair Economic Analysis Essays

Ryanair Economic Analysis Essays Ryanair Economic Analysis Paper Ryanair Economic Analysis Paper Data for passengers on route to London Source: CA airline/airport statistics The numbers of passengers traveling by LLC airlines are also increasing ever since its entrants as shown in the statistics below: Total annual alarm passenger movements In 1 Source: Commission for Integrated Transport The LLC market is an oligopoly market as there are 3 major airlines which dominate approximately 70% of the market. The products are homogeneous, which is low cost IR travel though there are slight differentiation in terms of customer service, travel destinations and flexibility of travel times. The firms within the market engage in price wars where they cut prices to grab a larger market share. The firms maintain their customers loyalty by offering the low air fares and brand themselves through advertising. Some customers may stick to an airline provider for some reasons such as convenience, flexibility and brand loyalty. Therefore, when another firm sells at a higher price, it doesnt mean that the customer will switch airlines. However, it also isnt mean that the customers wont switch because are no restrictions or switching costs involved. A factor which may cause customers to switch is when the price difference is too high to tolerate. In this market there is a significant barrier to entry because of the high set up cost. It is also difficult to penetrate the market because of the 3 major firms which accounts for a huge market share. The LLC market also shows some characteristics of monopolistic competition because of there are many other LLC airlines. There are also no legal barriers to entry because there are legal restrictions to enter the market. Moreover, the governments show that they want to encourage competition in this industry when the Irish government rejected a takeover of Are Lingua by Ryan in 2009 (Reuters). Conduct Ryan conducts its business by cutting costs and lowering air fare prices. The company cuts cost through many ways such as using secondary airports, reducing the weight of their airplanes, reducing staff costs, removing bookings through travel agents and removing in-flight meals. The company commits to the basic service to their customer which is flying them from one place to another without delays. Any ore than that, the customers will be charged. Ryan charges the customers for various things such as in-flight meals, payment handling fees, wheelchair usage and online check-in (BBC 2009). The company also charges their staffs for training and interview sessions to reduce staff costs (Creator 2005). Since Ryan aims to provide the lowest air fare prices, they maximize airplanes capacity by removing business class and first class space. There are no pricing agreements arranged between other LLC operators, therefore, the prices of tickets varies. Non-price competition also exists in the LLC market. Ryan commits to provide customer service and flight punctuality. Performance The revenue of Ryan has been increasing from financial year 2000 to 2009. Although the revenue has been increasing, the company made a net loss of ?169 million in the financial year 2009. This was due to an increase in oil prices and has increased the operating expenses. The fuel bill rose by 59% as compared to the Atlanta year 2 Source: Orbits 200,000 E-Resource for Company Information Besides that, the number of passengers carried has also increased since financial year 2001 as shown in the graph below.

The American War of Independence

The American War of Independence The American Revolution denotes the social, political and intellectual developments in the American states, which were characterized by political upheaval and war. This happened during the last half of the eighteenth century (Burg, 1). The revolution began in 1763 and lasted up to 1383 when the American Revolutionary war or the American War of Independence ended.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on The American War of Independence specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More During this time, the thirteenth states of North America, which were colonies of the British Empire, joined effort to fight for their freedom (McNeill, para.1). These states came together and formed the United States of America. The American people started by rebelling against the government of Great Britain and denying the administration structure and composition. The people rejected the authority of Britain’s Parliament governing them from overseas wit hout local representation. The British government had imposed many laws on their colonists and imposition of many taxes in order to demonstrate their authority. The move by the colonizers seemed unpopular to the colonists and a violation of their rights. The colonists made plans to come up with their own congress. This led them to expel all the royal officials. The American people then made local governments, which they replaced with the British’s ruling apparatus by 1772. This triggered the British government to send combat troops to dissolve the local governments and impose their direct rule (Lancaster and Plumb, 66). By 1775, the colonies had mobilized their troops and war broke out.Advertising Looking for report on history? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More In search for independence, the thirteen British colonies in North America started a war between them and the British government; a war, which was known as the American war of Independence, or the American Revolutionary war. This war, which started in 1775 and lasted through 1783 ended in a global war between the many great powers of Europe. The war saw the end of the political revolution of America, where the parliament of Great Britain was rejected as a legitimate governor of the people of America. By 1776, all the thirteen colonies in North America had succeeded in driving out the colonial governors and declared the colonies states. They set out their own legislation and this new constitution was used in each state (Mcllwain, 21). Newhampshire ratified its constitution on January 5, 1776 as the first state constitution. Later, the other states like Virginia, South Carolina and New Jersey created their own constitutions to decide what kind of government they needed. In July 4, 1776, the Continental congress adopted the declaration of independence statement, a day that is celebrated as their Independence Day. On November 15, 1777, a new constitution was passed by the congress for ratification. This document was then ratified on March 1, 1781, a move, which saw the dissolution of the Congress and the establishment of the government of the United, States the following day. After the defeat in 1776, the British returned between 1776 and 1777 to defend the revolution. In July 1776, the British defeated the continental army of Washington, which was considered as one of the greatest engagement in war. Later, the Americans formed alliances with the other nations like Spain, French, and the Dutch thus defeated the British and forced them to move southward.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on The American War of Independence specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The American people did not like laws and taxes to be imposed on them, an issue they considered as infringing their rights and thus had to undergo social, political and intellectual revolution in orde r for them to regain their independence and rights. Lancaster, Bruce, and Plumb, John H. The American Revolution. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 2001. Print. Burg, David F. The American Revolution. Clark, N.J.: InfoBase Publishing, 2007. Print. McNeill, J. R. â€Å"How mosquitoes helped swarm the redcoats at Yorktown.† Washington post. 19th October 2010. Web.  washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2010/10/18/AR2010101806002.html Mcllwain, Charles H. The American Revolution: A Constitutional Interpretation. The Lawbook Exchange Ltd, 2001. Print.

How To Enable Readability Measures in Microsoft Word 2007

How To Enable Readability Measures in Microsoft Word 2007 The Readability Measures feature in Microsoft Word and Outlook are helpful tools to measure words per sentence, passive voice percentage, the Flesch Reading Ease, and Flesch-Kincaid Grade Level in your documents. Together, they offer a measure of the clarity in your business writing. Thanks to Corporate Geek for this clear explanation of how to configure Readability Measures in Microsoft Word 2007: First, click on the Office Button and then go to Word Options, as shown below. In the Word Options window, go to the Proofing section. In that section, check the option which says ‘Show readability statistics’ and click on OK. Once this option is enabled, you can check the readability of any text by pressing the F7 key. Microsoft Word 2007 will first make a spell check of the selected text and, at the end, it will show you the readability statistics. How To Enable Readability Measures in Microsoft Outlook 2007 In Microsoft Outlook 2007, the procedure is slightly different. First, go to Tools - Options. In the Options window, go to the Spelling tab. It is a good idea to check the two available options: ‘Always check spelling before sending’ and ‘Ignore original message text in reply or forward’. By enabling these options, Outlook will always check the correctness of your e-mails before sending them. Once you have done this, click on the ‘Spelling and AutoCorrection’ button. In the Editor Options window, go to the Proofing section. Check the option which says ‘Show readability statistics’ and click on OK. Now, before sending an e-mail message, Outlook will first make a spell check of your message and then will show you the readability statistics. If you did not check the ‘Always check spelling before sending’ option from the Spelling tab, Outlook will not check automatically the readability of your message. You can do this manually by pressing the F7 key before sending the message. NOTE: The readability statistics are not available for Powerpoint and Excel. You won’t find them in the configuration options. In Microsoft Office 2003, the readability statistics are available only in Word.

The Raft of the Medusa Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

The Raft of the Medusa - Essay Example The members that had been left on board that had not drowned or died had tried to construct a life raft due to the shortage of lifeboats aboard the ship only to save ten total lives (Lavessiere, Michel, Chenique). The use of line shows all of the straight angles of the raft and shows the details of the pitifully built raft. All of the lines used show such detail to the people that are on board. The background is more neutral so it creates an emphasis on the rest of the painting that should be focused on. There are so many details to take in as there is no primary focal point other than the entire raft itself. A pattern of compositional lines draw attention to that focal point with the use of angles on the sail, the wooden planks that make up the floor of the painting and the arms and legs of the survivors. The coloring adds drama because of the lack of color. Every inch of the painting is dark and dreary or a golden neutral shade. The contrast of the colors and the lighting makes the painting appear more dark and dreary and draws attention to anguish of the sailors on

Issues of virtualisation and their impact on computing approaches Dissertation

Issues of virtualisation and their impact on computing approaches - Dissertation Example An investigation of the key characteristics of the implementation of virtualisation and its usefulness for future computation Amrik Singh Samra BSc. ... anagement platform 19 Figure 4: Virtual machine structures (Type I on left, Type II on right) 19 Figure 5: Functions and responsibilities of the VMM 20 Figure 6: The protection rings in the x86 architecture 23 Figure 7: Diagrammatic representation of paravirtualization 28 Figure 8: Illustration of seamless virtualisation in VirtualBox 30 List of tables Table 1: Table of Risks 11 Table 2: Types of VM emulators, their key features and examples 20 Table 3: Levels of abstraction involved in virtualisation technologies 21 Table 4: Key advantages and drawbacks for each level of abstraction 21 Table 5: Comparison of virtualisation types in terms of performance and flexibility 29 Application virtualisation – â€Å"The process of running software from a remote server† (EC-Council, 2010) Break out attack – â€Å"A situation in which criminals will escape from a virtual machine designed for guests in order to launch attacks against the hypervisor, allowing them to gain con trol over the host† (Esforsys, 2009c). High Performance Computing (HPC) – The use of parallel processing for running advanced programs quickly, efficiently and reliably Hypervisor – This is like the kernel or core of a virtualisation platform, also called the Virtual Machine Monitor (VMM) with access to the host’s physical hardware (VirtualisationAdmin, 2008). Network virtualisation – â€Å"A method of combining the available resources in a network by splitting up the available bandwidth into channels to particular servers or devices in real time† (EC-Council, 2010) Privileged Software Nucleus (PSN) - A miniature resident program in the operating system similar to a kernel (Exforsys, 2009) Run-Time System (RTS) – A piece of software designed to support the execution of a program Sandbox – The secure

The 7 Variables of Culture during Chinese and American Business Essay

The 7 Variables of Culture during Chinese and American Business Negiotiations in a Corporate Law Firm - Essay Example â€Å"Negotiation is a process whereby two or more parties--be they individuals, groups, or larger social units--interact in developing potential agreements to provide guidance and regulation of their future behavior. Such negotiation can be conducted between nations; between companies; or between any two or more parties that need to cooperate or bargain to attain certain common or conflicting ends.† (Phatak & Habib, 1996) Most of the international negotiations are between two companies or two nations. Because of lot of differences like social, cultural, linguistic, environmental legal and technological, international business negotiations is not an easy task. Both the parties should have considered lot of factors before arriving at an agreement. The cultural dimensions of international business negotiations are defined by former professor of Eastern Michigan University, David A. Victor in his famous LESCANT model of cultural variables. They are Language, Environment, Social organization, Contexting, Authority, Nonverbal behavior, and Temporal conception. (The cultural variables for development of models of culture) Language is an important entity in every business negotiations especially in international business negotiations. The views and opinions of each party can be communicated properly if both the parties don’t have a language barrier. Language fluency and accent can affect a business deal. Both the parties must understand clearly what others are trying to communicate or convince. English is an international language or global language used in almost every country and in most of the international business negotiations it is used as the medium for communications. The competency of Chinese people in English language is less compared to some other countries like India, Japan or Pakistan. â€Å"English has no legacy in the land of China. In fact, China had a long history of deliberately avoiding contact with the

Reporting Forensic Evidence Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Reporting Forensic Evidence - Research Paper Example Therefore, the report ought to be more formal for clear presentation. For instance, in the report of the investigation that involves a group of criminal enterprise, a comprehensive report is to be produced. Therefore, the forensic investigators can apply the use of a computer to carry out the forensic procedures. Computer forensic is thus the utilization of the computer applications and also analysis for the discovery of any legal evidence involved in the field of forensics. The use of the computer to practice the forensic investigations enables a quick identification and capture of the potential criminal through the use of vital data in the computer (Stauffer & Bonfanti, 2006). During the forensic investigation process, some of the things that were accomplished are the process of gathering the critical details of the potential suspects. This can only be achieved when the forensic investigators are rightly granted a warrant. This warrant allows them to carry out the forensic investig ation procedures without any limits. Therefore, the investigators first must obtain a legal warrant from the authority to enable them access any form of information from individuals. Furthermore, the evidence obtained by the investigator must not be interfered with. For instance, in the computer forensic investigation, the computers must not be touched or even moved once the incidence has occurred. The investigators must further protect the data and the system and its components so as to be used for the prosecution in the court. Moreover, a continued chain of custody is maintained. Eventually, during the retrieval of the data of the suspects, the investigator ought to be extremely careful so as to avoid any distortion of data contained in the computer. Consequently, the evidence collected by the forensic investigator ought to meet some set requirements. These includes that the evidence ought to be produced then also be professionally authenticated and furthermore be of the best evid ence available (Stauffer & Bonfanti, 2006). There are numerous types of systems that are employed during the examination procedures of the forensic investigation. The evidence gathered by the investigator varies widely. Some of these evidences are obtained from the computer includes theft of the intellectual property; there is also theft of the trade secrets. For instance, the investigators can employ the manual form of collecting forensic evidence or they can employ the computer technology method in the collection of the forensic evidences. The computer method used in the collecting evidences of any form of crime is the latest developed procedure. This technique is quick and also among the most effective procedure to be utilized. The forensic investigators utilize the computer forensic to gather any forensic evidences to be utilized in court. For instance, the evidence obtained for criminals, theft, deaths, and all forms of suicides (Anastasi, 2003). Additionally, a variety of tool s are employed by the forensic investigator during the investigation process. Thus for an effective process in the forensic investigation, a smarty decision ought to be made on the best and most valuable tools to be utilized. This is to enable the investigator have an accurate analysis of the evidences obtained. These tools employed by the investigators can also be created by individuals who are experienced. Unfortunately, this idea is not embraced by many because it is hard to

Logistics and Webiste Hosting Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Logistics and Webiste Hosting - Essay Example For a novice entrepreneur, venturing into the corporate world, this not only amounts to added burden, but is also far more time-consuming. Both of these factors contribute negatively to the potential survival and subsequent growth of the business in the future. As an entrepreneur I need to be looking for ways to minimize cost and maximize efficiency, and hosting my own website is at the opposing end of this. With a business venture in its embryonic stages, it is not wise to be investing any unnecessary time or money when cheaper and effective alternatives are readily available. I know from experience that using a web-hosting website is convenient and cost-effective. 1and1.com is one of the many available service providers. All I had to do was sign up and register my unique domain name like logisticspartner.net, and now my website will be hosted by their server at modest charges. They also provide the opportunity to buy all similar domain names for example logisticspartner.org or logisticspartner.co to ensure the originality of my brand name. The only effort I needed to make was to verify the authenticity of the service provider, and to look for technical services compatible with my business type. A logistics business should not expect any extraordinarily heavy traffic therefore a service with a reasonable bandwidth and storage capacity should work just fine (Top10bestwebsitehosting.com, 2014). To top it all off, web-hosting websites provide customer assistance as well. Thus, as a business owner who is not very well equipped with technical expertise, I woul d prefer to use a web-hosting service instead of hosting my own website. Top10bestwebsitehosting.com. (2014). The top 10 web hosting companies of 2014. [online] Retrieved from: http://www.top10bestwebsitehosting.com/index.php?kw=web%20hosting&c=37398489468&t=search&p=&m=e&adpos=1t1&a=2710&gclid=CIDEtKK3nbwCFUVa3goduz0A6g

Safety and Risk Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Safety and Risk Management - Essay Example It employs over 10Â  000 people worldwide with a number of modern development and manufacturing facilities. All these facilities, along with the extensive network of trading and marketing units have enabled the Company to effectively penetrate the world’s pharmaceutical market, as well as to offer one of the broadest product portfolios, including over 1200 products either in the market, or under development stage and pending registration (Actavis Group, 2008). The Company’s branch, which is object of the audit, is comprised of two manufacturing facilities at the cutting edge of pharmaceutical production, storages and administrative offices. For several years, the Company has been conducting Corporate EHS audits similar to ISO 14001 and OHSAS 18001 standards, and recently acquired an OHSAS 18001 certificate. OHSAS 18001 Overview and Company’s Assessment OHSAS 18001 is an international occupational health and safety specification intended to help with the control over occupational hazards and risks, and covers all organisation’s employee – both full- and part-time, subcontractors and suppliers, visitors, organisation’s own facilities and equipment, as well as rented or borrowed facilities and equipment (Eighty 20 Consulting, n.d.). ... The degree of compliance with OHSAS 18001 requirements, in this particular case, is being assessed using a scale of 0 to 1, namely 0, 0.5, and 1 as a top grade (SGS Bulgaria ltd, 2007). After assessments of seven issues referring to OHSAS 18001’s Clause 4.2, which deals with the policy compliance, the following findings are available (DNV Certification Inc., 2008): The Company’s branch policy is in line with the corporate policy, which is placed on the intranet and communicated to all managers. The commitment to continual improvement is contained in Company’s EHS Policy. The commitment required to comply at least with current applicable Occupational Health & Safety (OH&S) legislation is being stated that it will be in accordance with the local regulations. The Company’s policy is documented and implemented but not document-controlled. It has been stated within an uncontrolled document, as well as in part on intranet and posted in canteen. EHS brief is bein g conducted. The policy is available to all interested parties via HR&PR Manager. There is no document control found in regard to the requirement for periodic review of the policy (BSI Management Systems, n.d.). The overall score attained according to the abovementioned scale of assessment is 4 out of the maximum possible 7, which is 57.1 % compliance. Several recommendations appear useful in order to be reached a higher level of compliance: the policy must be a controlled document and an agreement should be made on whether the corporate or site policy is to be used or issued; the policy should be clarified within the corporate and site policy structure and all employees should be provided with a copy of that policy, whether at recruitment or amendment stage. The

Logistics and Webiste Hosting Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Logistics and Webiste Hosting - Essay Example For a novice entrepreneur, venturing into the corporate world, this not only amounts to added burden, but is also far more time-consuming. Both of these factors contribute negatively to the potential survival and subsequent growth of the business in the future. As an entrepreneur I need to be looking for ways to minimize cost and maximize efficiency, and hosting my own website is at the opposing end of this. With a business venture in its embryonic stages, it is not wise to be investing any unnecessary time or money when cheaper and effective alternatives are readily available. I know from experience that using a web-hosting website is convenient and cost-effective. 1and1.com is one of the many available service providers. All I had to do was sign up and register my unique domain name like logisticspartner.net, and now my website will be hosted by their server at modest charges. They also provide the opportunity to buy all similar domain names for example logisticspartner.org or logisticspartner.co to ensure the originality of my brand name. The only effort I needed to make was to verify the authenticity of the service provider, and to look for technical services compatible with my business type. A logistics business should not expect any extraordinarily heavy traffic therefore a service with a reasonable bandwidth and storage capacity should work just fine (Top10bestwebsitehosting.com, 2014). To top it all off, web-hosting websites provide customer assistance as well. Thus, as a business owner who is not very well equipped with technical expertise, I woul d prefer to use a web-hosting service instead of hosting my own website. Top10bestwebsitehosting.com. (2014). The top 10 web hosting companies of 2014. [online] Retrieved from: http://www.top10bestwebsitehosting.com/index.php?kw=web%20hosting&c=37398489468&t=search&p=&m=e&adpos=1t1&a=2710&gclid=CIDEtKK3nbwCFUVa3goduz0A6g

Critical Evaluation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 1

Critical Evaluation - Essay Example McCullin has always depicted the unemployed, the impoverished and the downtrodden. NGC director and CEO Marc Mayer reported to have said, "McCullins photographs belong in an art gallery because they consistently bring clarity and compositional grace to their compelling subject matter. These pictures are both hard to look at and hard not to" (Mallet para 2). However, his recent encounter of Syria has not been displayed in the gallery, as Sobey Curatorial Assistant Katherine Stauble writes, "Likely (these images) were not meant to hang on a gallery wall, but rather, to communicate information, to reveal truths and to mobilize action. Now that McCullin has escaped the battlefield and for the past twenty years has been focusing his lens on landscape and still life, one might expect the artist moniker to sit more comfortably with him" (para 5). According to McCullin, "Photography for me is not looking, it’s feeling. If you can’t feel what you’re looking at, then you’re never going to get others to feel anything when they look at your pictures" (para 2). This is what has been the most predominant feature of McCullins photography as shown in Figure. 1. There has been embedded in his pictures "the feelings of people" rather than focusing on the other artistic values (figure 1). He, through his images, has tried to get the sympathetic feelings for the affected people. By capturing a childs picture, he is making use of emotions and feelings of people to get attention. As Susan Sontag writes in her book, Regarding the Pain of Others (2003), that sufferings and emotions sell more than any other factors (Sontag). The most effective and credible advantage of McCullins work (as shown in Figure. 2) would be his unbiased reporting. He not only showed images of the public dying and their sorrows, but he also showed the sorrows of the free Syrian army (Figure 2). "Im just a carrier pigeon that brings the message back home" (para 18), says McCullin. Thus, effectively,

Macro environmental factors that affect firms

Macro environmental factors that affect firms These factors are not within the control of management of business but still affects the business up to large extends. These factors are almost uncontrollable. The organization has to fit into this environment to survive in this competitive scenario. These factors of macro environment also affects the factors within the organization i.e. factors of micro environment. There are many factors in the macro-environment that will affect the decisions of the managers of any organization in this whole world. Tax changes, new laws, trade barriers, demographic change and government policy, political changes are all examples of macro change. To analyze these factors managers can categories them using the PESTEL model. Political factors: This refers to government policy, For example: the degree of intervention in the economy. What goods and services a government wants to provide? Up To what extent does it believe in subsidizing firms? What are its major priorities in terms of business support? Political decisions can impact on many vital areas of business such as the education of the workforce, the health of the nation and the quality of the infrastructure of the economy such as the road and rail system. Economic factors: This includes interest rates, taxation changes, economic growth, inflation and exchange rates. For example: Higher interest rate may deter the investment because it costs more to borrow. Inflation may provoke the higher wage demands from employees and raise costs. Higher national income growth may boost the demand for a firms products. Social factors: Changes in social trends can impact on the demand for a firms products and the availability and willingness of employees to work. For example: In the UK, the population has been ageing. This has increased the costs for firms who are committed to pension payments for their employees because their staffs are living longer. It also means some firms like ASDA have started to recruit older employees to tap into this growing labor pool. The ageing population also has impact on demand. For example: Demand for sheltered accommodation and medicines have increased whereas demand for toys is falling. Technological factors: New technology creates new products and new processes. MP3 players, computer games, online gambling, i-pods and high definition TVs are all new markets created by technological advances. Online shopping, bar coding and computer aided design are all improvements to the way the businessmen do business as a result of better technology. Technology can reduce costs; improve quality and leads to innovation. These developments can benefit consumers as well as the organizations which providing the products. Environmental factors: Environmental factor includes the weather and climate change. Changes in temperature can impact on many industries which include farming, tourism and insurance. With major climate changes occurring due to global warming and with greater environmental awareness these external factors are becoming a significant issue for firms to consider. The growing desire to protect the environment is having an impact on many industries like the travel and transportation industries (For example: more taxes being placed on air travel and the success of hybrid cars.) and the general move towards more environmental friendly products and processes is affecting demand patterns and creating business opportunities. Legal factors: These are related to the legal environment in which firm operates. In recent years in the UK there have been many beneficial legal changes that have affected firms behavior. The introduction of age discrimination and disability discrimination legislation, an increase in the minimum wage and greater requirements for firms to recycle are examples of the recent laws that affect an organisations actions. Legal changes can affect a firms costs and demand. IMPORTANCE OF BUSINESS ENVIRONMENT Firm to identify opportunities and getting the first mover advantage: Early identification of opportunities helps an enterprise to be the first to catch them instead of losing them to competitors. For example: Maruti Udyog became the leader in the small car market since it was the first to recognize the need for small cars in India. Firm to identify threats and early warning signals: If an Indian firm finds that a foreign multinational company is entering the Indian market it should gives a warning signal and Indian firms can meet the threat by adopting, by improving the quality of the product, reducing cost of the production, engaging in aggressive advertising, and so on. Coping with rapid changes: All sizes and all types of industries are facing increasingly dynamic environment. In order to effectively cope with these significant changes, managers must understand and examine the environment and develop suitable courses of action. Improving performance: The enterprises that continuously monitor their environment and adopt suitable business practices are the ones which not only improve their present performance but also continue to succeed in the market for a longer period of time. THE ORGANISATIONAL EXTERNAL BUSINESS STRATEGY By using the PESTEL framework a manager can analyze the many different factors in a firms macro environment. However, it is important not to just list PESTEL factors since this does not in it tell managers very much. What managers need to do is to think about which factors are most likely to change and which will have the greatest impact on them i.e. each firm must identify the key factors in their own environment. Managers must decide on the relative importance of various factors and one way of doing this is to rank and score the likelihood of a change occurring and also rate the impact if it did The higher the likelihood of a change occurring and the greater the impact of any change the more beneficial this factor will be to the firms planning. External Strategies of different organization Economic factors :- Vodafone: The growth of Asian countries like India and china, have had massive effects on Vodafone. Vodafone can relocate production there to benefit from lower costs; these emerging markets are also providing enormous markets for them to aim their product at. With a population of over 1 billion, for example, the Chinese market is not one that anyone would want to ignore, at the same time Chinese producers should not be ignored either. Social factors :- McDonaldà ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢s: Important strategic decisions are a key factor to Mac Donaldà ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢s success with consideration for both internal and external factors. When considering the foreign market, companies need to consider there are risks. There must be local marketing to appeal to the local consumers and also to build relationships and trust (Bateman Scott, 2004). Therefore, the strategic planning for marketing has to be effective enough. McDonaldà ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢s caters its menu in other countries to the cultures of the regions. For example, in India, the non-vegetarian menu includes chicken and fish items only. Beef is not on the menu in India because are considered sacred. Political-legal factors:- American auto makers, the electric car and California: Electric cars For whatever reasons, several of the auto manufacturers in the USA began developing which they leased to satisfied customers. Then, California decided that it would be a good idea to mandate to American auto makers that if they expected to sell their cars in California they would have to invent some new technology reducing carbon dioxide. Presumably, California expected to see an increase of the electric cars being sold by auto makers. What happened is quite the opposite and the auto makers took a hard look at their electric car program, uncertain how to market a clean vehicle without admitting the piston engine vehicles are dirty, realizing that much of the profit from a piston engine vehicle comes with the replacement of the parts and not so with electric cars and finally, realizing that a State, not even the State of California can make them build technology they dont have, nor can any state even make them keep b uilding the technology they do have, and so, the auto makers killed their own electric car program and this was the impact of a political-legal environment. Technological factors:- NOKIA: The starting models of Nokia had some technical problem with battery backup. People who were using those handsets often complain which had spoil the reputation of the Nokia completely. The sales and market price of Nokia fell down drastically. Then management took serious consideration to these problems, and modifies all the handset with latest technology. Nokia had been successful to regain the trust of its consumers and as a result it enjoys monopoly in market. Environmental factors:- Tesco: In 2003, there has been increased pressure on various companies and managers to acknowledge their responsibility to society, and act in a way which benefits society overall. The main societal issue threatening food retailers has been environmental issues, a key area for companies to act in a socially responsible way. Hence by recognizing this trend within the broad ethical stance. Tescos corporate social responsibility is concerned with the ways in which the organization exceeds the minimum obligations to stakeholders specified through regulation and corporate governance. Graiser and Scott (2004) states that in 2003 the government has intended to launch a new strategy for sustainable consumption and production to cut waste reduce consumption of resources and minimize environmental damage. The latest legislation has created a new tax on advertising highly processed and fatty foods. The so-called à ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€¹Ã…“fat tax directly affected the Tesco product ranges that have subsequently been adapted and affecting relationships with both suppliers and customers.

A Comparison Of Contemporary And Romance Literature :: essays research papers

A Comparison of Contemporary and Romance Literature   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Contemporary literature in the form of a short story consists of a plot, characters, point of view, setting, and theme (2). These elements can vary a great deal from one story to the next. An author of a short story also reveals a tone and a mood shown by his or her style of writing. Although romance literature contains the elements mentioned above, they are very different than those in short stories and are somewhat static from one tale to the next. Romance literature is about the adventures of knights and the organization of chivalry (794). A romance does not take place in a normal setting, but in idealized worlds such as imaginary castles, gardens, or forests (794). A romance contains mysterious and supernatural events (794). Although there are many differences between contemporary and romance literature, the one difference that distinguishes them the most is the characters. A main character in contemporary literature leads a very different life than one in romance literature.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Neighbor Rosicky is a short story of an old farmer, Anton Rosicky, reflecting back on his life. Early in the story, when Anton Rosicky is in the doctor's office, he learns that he has a bad heart and doesn't have much time left to live. He then returns home, plunges into a chair, and begins to sew. While he sews, Rosicky lets his mind run back over his life. He has had many memorable experiences. Rosicky has lived in London, New York, and now in Nebraska. Rosicky, formerly a tailor, now makes a living farming with his children. Rudolph, Rosicky's oldest son, has some trouble supporting his wife, Polly. Rosicky makes many sacrifices to help Rudolph's marriage stay together. He loans the family car and gives some money to Rudolph, even though Rosicky is very poor himself. Spring arrives, and his children are busy working the fields. When no one else is around, Rosicky, disregarding his doctor's orders, rakes some thistle plants out of one of his alfalfa fields, but the work is too tough on his heart. Rosicky dies the next day (48-71).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Contents of the Dead Man's Pockets is another short story of someone analyzing his life. Tom Benecke is a workaholic who has a month's worth of his work scribbled on a yellow sheet of paper. The wind blows the sheet of paper out of his eleven story apartment window onto the ornate corner ornament of the ledge about five yards away. Tom climbs out of the window onto the ledge. Immediately after he reaches the sheet of paper, Tom looks down and becomes

Shamanism Essay -- Spirit Shaman Shamanism Essays

Shamanism To truly understand the meaning of shamanism one must uncover the original definition. The word shaman comes from the language of the Evenk, a small Tungus-speaking group of hunters and reindeer herders from Siberia. It was first used only to designate a religious specialist from this region. By the beginning of the 20th century it was already being applied to a variety of North America and South American practices from the present and the past. Today people have gone as far as defining the word shaman as any human that acknowledges that he/she has had contact with spiritual entities. Well at least the term still refers to human beings. The Siberian shaman's soul is said to be able to leave the body and travel to other parts of the cosmos, particularly to an upper world in the sky and a lower world underground. How can anyone know what the people of Mesoamerica were seeing if they in fact were even in these states of trance. A broader definition is that shamans would include any kind of person who is in control of his or her state of trance, even if this does not involve a soul journey. This broader definition stills does not include a culture that no one was around to document. Does anyone really know if these ‘shamans’ controlled their state of trance? Not to mention, there is no evidence of a written language of either the Olmec or West Mexican regions to date. These definitions of shamanism are very brief and really can not be upheld as a specific precise and accurate definition, however shamanism within these parameters has been widely accepted both in the early and late twentieth century, and into today. Shamanism due to its many definitions could be just about any being that can be observed practicing. Shamanism is not a single, unified religion but a cross-cultural form of religious sensibility and practice. It is a complex set of practices, beliefs, values and behaviors that enable the practitioner to elect a shift from ordinary consciousness into a trance state with a specific goal in mind. Such as healing, obtaining information, power, vision, divination, contacting the spirit of the deceased, soul retrieval or guidance for right action. Shamanism is scattered and fragmented and should perhaps not be called an -ism at all. There is no doctrine, no world shamanic church, no holy book as a point of reference, no priests with... ...ght to be a part of some religions. Some have completely discredited the theory of Shamanism as a way of coping out in research. To completely convince readers of a theory, there should be a firm base to their argument and there is not one when it comes to shamanism in Ancient Mesoamerican cultures such as the Olmec and West Mexican cultures. (Hamayon, 1-5) The word ‘shamanism’ has been thrown around a great deal these days, and attached to a variety of behaviors, sometimes with only a vague understanding of its meaning. Most people who study the existence of shamans have very little knowledge of what actual tribal shamans practiced in any given culture. A researcher or interested seeker, looking through all the widely varied literature, will notice both similarities and differences between anthropological descriptions of long-ago tribal shamans and similar iconography of Mesoamerica. Similarities could mean that there were rituals of a similar magnitude but it does not prove that they are all a part of a giant web that stretches across the world. Confusion on the topic and its many interpretations cloud its origin and force a compromising stance on the very word ‘shamanism’.

Recruitment and Selection in Dlw

A SUMMER TRAINNING PROJECT REPORT ON RECRUITMENT AND SELECTION AT DIESEL LOCOMOTIVE WORKS SUBMITTED IN Partial Fulfillment of the Requirement of the Award of the Master of Business Administration (MBA) OF BANASTHALI UNIVERSITY (Session: 2011-2013) SUBMITTED BY AMRITA MATHUR MBA IIND SEMESTER ID NO. – WBMBA11964 ROLL NO. – 7459 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT Any accomplishment requires the effort of many people and this work is no different. It has been my proud privilege to be attached to Diesel Locomotive Work, a highly professional’s bank with modern outlook.With due respect I express my indebt ness to the management of Diesel Locomotive Work for accommodating me as a summer trainee. I would like to express my gratitude with sense of reverence to Mr. Dinesh Singh (head, PERSONNEL and HR department). It would have been difficult to go through this project without their help. He not only helped me in collecting data but also supported me with their valuable knowledge and experi ence in the successful completion of this project. I would also thankful to almighty god for his grace and mercy to successfully complete this project. Amrita Mathur PREFACEIn our two year degree program of M. B. A. of there’s provision for doing summer training, after IInd semester. The essential purpose of this project is to given an exposure and detailed outlook to the student of practical concept, which they already studied research. For this purpose, I was assigned the project for the â€Å"RECRUITMENT AND SELECTION† in Diesel Locomotive Work. It is a matter of great privilege to get training from Diesel Locomotive Work, one of the largest organisations of its kind. The project lasted for a period of six weeks: it was informative, interesting and inspiring.I hope this report will provide an experiment outlook to the dynamic functioning in the HR department in Diesel Locomotive Work. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY The project titled â€Å"RECRUITMENT AND SELECTION† Under taken in Diesel Locomotive Works (DLW). A production unit of Indian Railways,  DLW  was set up in collaboration with Alco, USA, in 1961 and commenced manufacturing in 1963. It has so far supplied over 5,000 locomotives, mainly to Indian Railways but also including 342 locomotives for non-railway  customers  such as power plants, port trusts and industrial users.The project report is about recruitment and selection process that’s an important part of any organization. Which is considered as a necessary asset of a company? It gives a organizational structure of the company. It’s a methodology in which the particular organization works and how a new candidate could be recruited in such a way that he/she would be fitted for the right kind of career. For every organisation it is important to have a right person on a right job. Recruitment and Selection plays a vital role in this situation.Shortage of skills and the use of new technology are putting considerable pres sure on how employers go about Recruiting and Selecting staff. It is recommended to carry out a strategic analysis of Recruitment and Selection procedure. There are two types of factors that affect the Recruitment of candidates for the company- * Internal factors. * External factors With reference to this context, this project is been prepared to put a light on Recruitment and Selection process. This project includes Meaning and Definition of Recruitment and Selection, Need and Purpose of Recruitment, Evaluation of Recruitment Process.Sources of Recruitment through which an organisation gets suitable application. Job Analysis, which gives an idea about the requirement of the job. Next is Selection process, which includes steps of Selection, Types of Test, Types of Interview, Common Interview Problems and their Solutions. The objective of selection decision is to choose the individual who can most successfully perform the job from the pool of qualified candidates. Selection process o r activities typically follow a standard patter, beginning with an initial screening interview and concluding with final employment decision.Recruitment and Selection are simultaneous process and are incomplete without each other. They are important components of the organisation and are different from each other. Since all the aspect needs practical example and explanation this project includes Recruitment and selection Process of Indian Railways. CONTENTS SR. NO. | TOPIC| PAGE NO. | 1. | Introduction| 1| 2. | Objective| 2| 3. | Scope Of The Study| 3| 4. | Research Methodology| 4-6| 5. | Company Profile| 7-12| 6. | Review Of Literature| 13-38| 7. | Data Analysis And Data Interpretation| 39-49| 8. Findings| 50| 9. | Conclusion| 51| 10. | Limitation Of Study| 52| 11. | Suggestions| 53| 12. | Bibliography| 54| 13. | Annexure| 55-57| INTRODUCTION Human Resource is a basic need of any work to be done. Recruitment and selection are two of the most important functions of personnel managem ent. Recruitment precedes selection and helps in selecting a right candidate. Every organisation needs to look after recruitment and selection in the initial period and thereafter as and when additional manpower is required due to expansion and development of business activities.The project report is all about recruitment and selection process that’s an important part of any organization. Recruitment highlights each applicant’s skills, talents and experience. Their selection involves developing a list of qualified candidates, defining a selection strategy, identifying qualified candidates, thoroughly evaluating qualified candidates and selecting the most qualified candidate. ‘Right person for the right job’ is the basic principle in recruitment and selection. Every organisation should give attention to the selection of its manpower, especially its managers.Every business organisation/unit needs manpower for carrying different business activities smoothly a nd efficiently and for this recruitment and selection of suitable candidates is essential. Human resource management in an organisation will not be possible if unsuitable persons are selected and employment in a business unit. OJBECTIVE The objective of my study is to understand and critically analyzed the recruitment and selection procedure at Diesel Locomotive Works. 1. To study the recruitment and selection procedure followed in DIESEL LOCOMOTIVE WORKS (DLW). 2. To study the various sources of recruitment followed in DLW. . To learn what is the process of recruitment and selection that should be followed. 4. To critically analyze the functioning of recruitment and selection procedures. 5. To identify the probable area of improvement to make recruitment and selection procedure and more effective. 6. To know the managerial satisfaction level about recruitment and selection procedure. SCOPE OF THE STUDY The benefit of the study for the researcher is that it helped to gain knowledge and experience and also provided the opportunity to study and understand the prevalent recruitment and selection procedures.The key points of my research study are: 1) To study the facts about the diesel locomotive works as a group. 2) To understand and analyze various HR factors including recruitment and selection procedure at Diesel Locomotive Works. 3) To suggest any measures/ recommendations for the improvement of the recruitment procedures. REASERCH METHODOLOGY In everyday life human being has to face many problems viz. Social, economical, financial problems. These problems in life call for acceptable and effective solutions and for this purpose, research is required and a methodology applied for the solutions can be found out.Research was carried out at DIESEL LOCOMOTIVE WORKS to find out the â€Å"Recruitment and selection process†. The Research Research is a â€Å"careful investigation or inquiry especially through search for new facts in any branch of knowledge. â⠂¬  The project is a systematic presentation consisting of enunciated problem, formulated hypothesis, collected facts or data, analyzes facts and proposed conclusions in form of recommendations. Kind of Research The research done by Exploratory Research: This kind of research has the primary objective of development of insights into the problem.It studies the main area where the problem lies and also tries to evaluate some appropriate courses of action. Sample Design: A complete interaction and enumeration of all employees of Diesel Locomotive Work was not possible so a sample was chosen that consisted of 25-30 employees. DATA COLLECTION The data for the survey will be conducted from both primaries as well as secondary sources. Primary Data: Primary data was collected through training classes and survey method by distributing questionnaires to manager of personnel department and employees of recruitment and selection section of personnel department.The questionnaires were carefully designed by taking into account the parameters of my study. Secondary Data: Data was collected from books, magazines, web sites, going through the records of the organisation, etc. It is the data which has been collected by individual or someone else for the purpose of other than those of our particular research study. Or in other words we can say that secondary data is the data used previously for the analysis and the results are undertaken for the next process. RESEARCH DESIGN Research Design:A research design is the specification of methods and procedure for acquiring the information needed to structure or to solve problems. It is the overall operation pattern or framework of the project that stipulates what information is to be collected from which source, and be what procedures. â€Å"A research design is the arrangement of condition for collection and analysis of data in a manner that aims to combine relevance to the research purpose with economy in procedure†. Design decision happens†¦ 1. What is study about? 2. What is study being made? 3. Where will the study be carried out? 4. What type of data is required? . Where can the required data to be found? 6. What will be the sample design? 7. Technique of data collection? COMPANY PROFILE INDIAN RAILWAY India's first train runs between Mumbai  and  Thane. The Indian railways are Asia’s largest railways system and the world’s second largest railways system. Indian railways are owned and managed by the central government. Indian Railways  (IR) is an iconic Indian organisation, owned and operated by the  Government of India through the  Ministry of Railways which is responsible for the maintenance and operation of the entire rail network in India and it enjoys total monopoly. Railway† means a railway or any portion of a railway for the public carriage of passengers, animals or goods. Railways were first introduced to India in 1853. By 1947, the year of  India's inde pendence, there were forty-two rail systems. In 1951 the systems were nationalized as one unit, the Indian Railways, becoming one of the largest networks in the world. It has the world's fourth largest railway network after those of the United States,  Russia  and  China. Rail transport is the conveyance of passengers and goods by means of wheeled vehicles running along railways or railroads.Rail transport is part of the logistics chain, which facilitates international trade and economic growth. INDIAN RAILWAY STRUCTURE Indian Railways is divided into several zones, which are further sub-divided into  divisions. The number of zones in Indian Railways increased from six to eight in 1951, nine in 1952 to sixteen in 2003 then to seventeen in 2010. Each zonal railway is made up of a certain number of divisions, each having a divisional headquarters. There are a total of sixty-eight divisions. Each of the seventeen zones is headed by a General Manager (GM) who reports directly to the Railway Board.The zones are further divided into divisions under the control of Divisional Railway Managers (DRM). Sr. No. | Name| Abbr. | Date Established| Headquarters| Divisions| 1. | Central| CR| 1951-11-05| Mumbai| Mumbai,  Bhusawal,  Pune,  Solapur,  Nagpur| 2. | East| ECR| 2002-10-01| Hajipur| Danapur,  Dhanbad,  Mughalsarai,Samastipur,  Sonpur| 3. | East Coast| ECoR| 2003-04-01| Bhubaneswar| Khurda Road,  Sambalpur,  Visakhapatnam| 4. | Eastern| ER| 1952-04| Kolkata| Howrah,  Sealdah,  Asansol,  Malda| 5. | North Central| NCR| 2003-04-01| Allahabad| Allahabad,  Agra,  Jhansi| 6. North Eastern| NER| 1952| Gorakhpur| Izzatnagar,  Lucknow,  Varanasi| 7. | North Western| NWR| 2002-10-01| Jaipur| Jaipur,  Ajmer,  Bikaner,  Jodhpur| 8. | Northeast Frontier| NFR| 1958-01-15| Guwahati| Alipurduar,  Katihar,  Rangia,  Lumding,Tinsukia| 9. | Northern| NR| 1952-04-14| Delhi| Delhi,  Ambala,  Firozpur,  Lucknow,Moradabad| 10. | Sout h Central| SCR| 1966-10-02| Secunderabad| Secunderabad,  Hyderabad,  Guntakal,Guntur,  Nanded,  Vijayawada| 11. | South East Central| SECR| 2003-04-01| Bilaspur| Bilaspur,  Raipur,  Nagpur| 12. | South Eastern| SER| 1955| Kolkata| Adra,  Chakradharpur,  Kharagpur,  Ranchi| 13. South Western| SWR| 2003-04-01| Hubli| Hubli,  Bangalore,  Mysore| 14. | Southern| SR| 1951-04-14| Chennai| Chennai,  Trichy,  Madurai,  Palakkad,  Salem,Trivandrum  | 15. | West Central| WCR| 2003-04-01| Jabalpur| Jabalpur,  Bhopal,  Kota| 16. | Western| WR| 1951-11-05| Mumbai| Mumbai Central,  Ratlam, Rajkot,  Ahmedabad ,  Bhavnagar,  Vadodara| Production Units Six production units are headed by a General Manager, who also reports directly to the Railway Board. The six Production Units are:- Sl. No| Name| Abbr. | Year Established| Location| Main products| 1. Golden Rock Locomotive Workshops| GOC| 1928| Trichy| Diesel-electric Locomotives| 2. | Chittaranjan Locomoti ve Works| CLW| 1947| Chittaranjan  ,Asansol| Electric Locomotives| 3. | Diesel Locomotive Works| DLW| 1961| Varanasi| Diesel Locomotives| 4. | Diesel-Loco Modernisation Works| DMW| 1981| Patiala| Diesel-electric Locomotives| 5. | Integral Coach Factory| ICF| 1952| Chennai| Passenger coaches| 6. | Rail Coach Factory| RCF| 1986| Kapurthala| Passenger coaches| 7. | Rail Wheel Factory| RWF| 1984| Bangalore| Railway wheels and axles| 8. | Rail Wheel Factory| RWF| 2011| Chhapra| Railway wheels and axles|Diesel Locomotive Works  (DLW) The  Diesel Locomotive Works  (DLW) in  Varanasi,  India, is a production unit owned by  Railways, that manufactures diesel-electric  locomotives  and its spare parts. It is the largest diesel-electric locomotive manufacturer in India. Healthy growth of railways is essential for India’s social, regional, economic, industrial and agricultural development. The main vision of Diesel Locomotive Works â€Å"To be a world class manufacture r of Diesel – electric locomotives. †Ã‚   Organizational Structure Of DLW General Manager (GM) CMO CME COS FA ; CAO CMEPCMDDepty CPO/HQ Depty CPO/General SPO APO/HQ APO/Staff | Nature of workThe role changes depending on where an officer is placed in the organization – in the division (operational level), the zone (tactical level), or the railway board (strategic level). The following are the different roles played in railways:  Ã¢â‚¬ ¢ The commercial division: This division handles all commercial responsibilities like ticket checking, catering, administration and management of stations, reservation, announcements on the platforms, etc. †¢ The operations division: This division deals with controlling movement of trains.Keeping a check on incoming and outgoing trains, detachment or attachment of wagons, etc. , are the responsibilities of this division. †¢ India Railway Accounts Service: This branch of the Railway Services is engaged in handling the acc ounting and finance operations of the Indian Railways. At this post, the officer carries the overall responsibility for accounts for the whole zone. †¢ Indian Railway Personnel Service: As the name indicates, officers in this division handle all matters related to the personnel section like selection, promotions, training, welfare activities, transfers, increments, disciplinary actions and the like. Railway Protection Service/ Railway Protection Force: This branch of the Indian Railway Services is entrusted with the task of maintenance of law and order on trains and on premises owned and used by the Indian Railways. †¢ Railway Engineering Services: This is the technical side of the Railway Services and is engaged in activities like construction and planning of railway tracks, bridges and buildings. There are branches in this division like the Indian Railway Service of Electrical Engineers and the Indian Railway Service of Mechanical Engineers.Benefits To The EmployeesGroup A, B C and D title will be issued to those railway servants. There are both gazetted and non gazetted officers in these groups. Different railway passes are allowed to the employees according to the group and positions given to them. Some of them are Special passes, residential passes, widow passes, post retirement complimentary pass, school pass, pass on privilege account, duty pass etc. Staff Welfare| DLW undertakes a Varity of welfare activities for its over 6000 personnel.Important among these are:Education Facilities: DLW administration runs 4 schools providing Primary and Secondary Education to more than 2600 students. DLW Women’s Welfare Organization also runs a primary school Bal Niketan. DLW township also possesses 1 Post Graduate Girl’s College, 2 Central Schools, and 1 Senior Secondary School. Medical Facilities:105 bedded well-equipped Railway Hospital, a Health Unit and a First-Aid post in workshop provide comprehensive health care to around 20,000 Railwa y family members. A Homeopathic and an Ayurvedic dispensary are also available.Railway Quarters:A total of 3641 staff quarters are provided to the DLW employees. The Railway colony is well maintained and green, providing excellent pollution free environment. Compassionate Appointments:Families of deceased employees are helped by the way of compassionate appointment to the wards. Institute/Community Centre etc. :For various social needs of the staff 1 Community Hall, 2 Institutes, 2 Barat Ghars, 1 Kalyan Kendra, 1 Rangshala and 1 Officers Club are functioning on the premises. Cinema Club:For recreation of staff a Cinema Hall of around 700 capacities is functioning since 1967 in DLW.Sports ; Game:All kinds of facilities for various games like Cricket, Hockey, Basketball, Badminton, Volley-ball, Football, Table Tennis, Gymnasium, Athletics, Swimming, Golf, and Rifle Shooting have been provided for the staff. | REVIEW OF LITERATURE Human Resource plays a crucial role in the development process of the modern. Human resource management is the management of employee’s skill, knowledge abilities, talent, aptitude, creativity, ability etc. different terms are used for denoting Human Resource Management. RECRUITMENT AND SELECTIONRecruitment and selection are two of the most important functions of personnel management. Recruitment precedes selection and helps in selecting a right candidate. RECRUITMENT Recruitment is â€Å"hiring† of employees from outside. Recruitment has been regarded as the most important function of the HR department. ‘Right person for the right job’ is the basic principle in recruitment and selection. Every business organisation/unit needs manpower for carrying different business activities smoothly and efficiently and for this recruitment and selection of suitable candidates is essential.Need For Recruitment: The need for recruitment may be due to the following reasons / situation: 1. Vacancies due to promotions, transfer , retirement, termination, permanent disability, death and labour turnover. 2. Creation of new vacancies due to the growth, expansion and diversification of business activities of an enterprise. In addition, new vacancies are possible due to job specification. Purpose And Importance Of Recruitment: 1. Determine the present and future requirements of the organization with its personnel-planning and job analysis activities. . Increase organizational and individual effectiveness in the short term and long term. 3. Evaluate the effectiveness of various recruiting techniques and sources for all types of job applicants. Recruitment represents the first contact that a company makes with potential employees. It is through recruitment that many individuals will come to know a company, and eventually decided whether they wish to work for it. Sources Of Recruitment The sources of recruitment in Diesel Locomotive Work can be broadly categorized into internal and external sources- I.Internal Rec ruitment – Internal recruitment seeks applicants for positions from within the company. The various internal sources include 1) Promotion. 2) Transfers. 3) Compassionate Ground. 4) Sports Quota. 5) Cultural Quota. 6) Physical Handicapped Quota. II. External Recruitment – External recruitment seeks applicants for positions from sources outside the company. The various external sources include 1) Government Placement Agencies: a) UPSC(Union Public Service Commission) b) RRB/RRC(Railway Recruitment Board/Railway Recruitment Control) SELECTIONSelection is basically picking an applicant from (a pool of applicants) who has the appropriate qualification and competency to do the job. It is a negative process and involves the elimination of candidates who do not have the required skills and qualification for the job proposed. The objective of selection decision is to choose the individual who can most successfully perform the job from the pool of qualified candidates. It is the system of function and device adopted in a given company to ascertain whether the candidate’s specifications are matched with the job specifications and recruitment or not.The difference between recruitment and selection: * Recruitment is identifying n encouraging prospective employees to apply for a job and Selection is selecting the right candidate from the pool of applicants. * Recruitment is the positive function in which interested candidates are encouraged to submit application and Selection is a negative function in which unsuitable candidates are eliminated and the best one is selected. Selection Test: Different types of tests may be administered, depending on the job and the company.Generally, tests are used to determine the applicant’s ability, aptitude, intelligence, general knowledge, and medical test. .Selection Decision: The final decision has to be made the pool of individuals who pass the tests, interviews and reference checks. The view of the line man ager will be generally considered in the final selection because it is he/she who is responsible for the performance of the new employee. The HR manager plays a crucial role in the final selection. Physical Examination: After the selection decision and before the job offer is made, the candidate is required to undergo a physical fitness test.A job offer is, often, contingent upon the candidate being declared fit after the physical examination. The results of the medical fitness test are recorded in a statement and are preserved in the personnel records. There are several objectives behind a physical test: 1. Physical test is to detect if the individual carries any infectious disease. 2. The test assists in determining whether an applicant is physically fit to perform the work. 3. The physical examination information can be used to determine if there are certain physical capabilities, which differentiate successful and less successful employees. . Medical check-up protects applicants with health defects from undertaking work that could be detrimental to them or might otherwise endanger the employer’s property. 5. An examination will protect the employer from workers compensation claims that are not valid because the injuries or illness were present when the employee was hired. Job Offer: After the physical examination the selection process is job offer to those applicants who have crossed all the previous hurdles. Job offer is made through a letter of appointed.Such a letter generally contains a date by which the appointee must report on duty. The appointee must be given reasonable time for reporting. Again, a new job may require movement to another city, which means considerable preparation, and movement of property. The company may also want the individual to delay the date of reporting on duty. If the new employee’s first job upon joining the company is to go on company until perhaps a week before such training begins. Naturally, this practice cannot be abused, especially if the individual is unemployed and does not have sufficient finances.Their applicants may be preserved for future use, if any. It needs no emphasis that the applications of selected candidates must also be preserved for the future references. Contract Of Employment: After the job offer has bee made and candidates accept the offer, certain documents need to be executed by the employer and the candidate. One such document is the attestation form. This form contains vital details about the candidate, which are authenticated and attested by him/her. Attestation form will be a valid record for the future reference. There is also a need for reparing a contract of employment. The basic information that should be included in a written contract of employment will vary according to the level of the job, but the following checklist sets out the typical headings: 1. Job title. 2. Duties, including a parse such as â€Å"The employee will perform such duties and wil l be responsible to such a person, as the company may from time to time direct†. 3. Date when continuous employment starts and the basis for calculating service. 4. Rate of pay, allowance, overtime and shift rates, method of payments. 5.Hours of work including lunch break and overtime and shift arrangements. 6. Holiday arrangements: a) Paid holidays per year. b) Calculation of holiday pay. c) Qualifying period. d) Accrual of holidays and holiday pay. e) Details of holiday year. f) Dates when holidays can be taken. g) Maximum holiday that can be take at any one time. h) Carry over of holiday entitlement. i) Public holidays. 7. Length of notice due to and from employee. 8. Grievances procedure (or reference to it). 9. Disciplinary procedure (or any reference to it). 10. Work rules (or any reference to them).Employer’s right to vary terms of the contract subject to proper notification being given. Alternatively called employment agreements or simply bonds, contracts of emp loyment serve many useful purposes. The drawback with the contracts is that it is almost to enforce them. A determined employee is bound to leave the organisation, contract or no contract. Recruitment And Selection In Diesel Locomotive Work (DLW) Indian railway is considered as the biggest job provider in world. The Indian railway network is divided into 17 different zones geographically.Here I am giving you detailed information about division of railway jobs, and which job profile will be given in which departments through which exam. Staff are classified into gazetted (Group ‘A' and ‘B') and non-gazetted (Group ‘C' and ‘D') employees. The recruitment of Group ‘A' gazetted employees is carried out by the  Union Public Service Commission through exams conducted by it. The recruitment to Group ‘C' and ‘D' employees on the Indian Railways is done through 19 Railway Recruitment Boards which are controlled by the Railway Recruitment Control Bo ard (RRC).Vacancies in Indian Railways are filled either by recruitment by Recruitment agencies like UPSC or RRB or by promotion from serving candidates. The railway recruitment board divides all the jobs into four major categories as given below: 1. Group A: Group A recruitments are filled by UPSC by All India Competitive examinations. 2. Group B: Group B posts are normally filled by promotion from serving Group C candidates. 3. Group C: Group C recruitment are made by Railway Recruitment Board (RRB). 4. Group D: Group D posts are filled at the divisional level.The employees who are selected under group A and group B are Gazette officers. General Conditions for Recruitment The recruitment rules may provide for- 1. Qualifications, age and the scales of pay applicable for the various posts in the service and important conditions of service, like leave, pension, non-contributory Provident Fund benefits, etc  . 2. No male candidate who has more than one wife living or no female candi date who has married a person having already a wife living shall be eligible for appointment to a railway service, unless the competent authority exempts the candidate from the operation of this rule. . Proportion of vacancies to be filled by direct recruitment and promotion of railway servants from subordinate services. 4. In the case of probationers, consequences of failure to pass prescribed departmental examinations, if any, e. g. loss of appointment, stoppage of increments etc. 5. Passing obligatory language examination whenever prescribed in the recruitment regulations for each service in Group ‘A’. Recruitment of Group A services Recruitment of Group ‘A' Officers are made through: 1. Open competitive examination held by UPSC. . Promotion of Officers from Group ‘B'. 3. Appointment of Special Class Apprentices by UPSC. 1) Through UPSC recruits the candidate can be selected in railways by clearing one of the following three exams. a) Civil Services Exami nation: This exam is recruiting candidates for the post of traffic department, accounts departments and protection force department. * Indian Railway Traffic Service (IRTS). * Indian Railway Personnel Service (IRPS). * Indian Railway Accounts Service (IRAS). * Railway Protection Force ) Enginnering Services Examination for: This exam select candidate for the post of mechanical engineers, store engineers, signal engineers and electrical engineers. * Indian Railway Service of Engineers (IRSE). * Indian Railway Service of Mechanical Engineers (IRSME). * Indian Railway Service of Electrical Engineers (IRSEE). * Indian Railway Service of Signal Engineers (IRSEE). * Indian Railway Stores Service (IRSS). a) Medical Services Examination for: Through this exam the candidates are selected for medical department of Indian railways. Indian Railway Medical Service (IRMS). 2) Promotion of Officers from Group ‘B’ * Promotion from Group B to Group A (Junior Scale). 1. Appointments to t he posts in the junior scale shall be made by selection on merit from amongst Group B officers of the departments concerned with not less than 3 years of non-fortuitous service in the grade. 2. If the quota reserved for Group B Officers for promotion to junior scale is not fully utilised, the remaining vacancies may be filled by Government in accordance with the recruitment rules and in consultation with the UPSC. . The Departmental Promotion Committee for this purpose shall consist of a representative of the Union Public Service Commission as Chairman and two representatives of the Ministry of Railways as Members. * Promotion from junior scale to senior scale. Appointment to the posts in the senior scale shall be made by promotion in the order of seniority, subject to rejection of the unfit, of officers with ordinarily not less than 4 years service in the junior scale. * Promotion from senior scale to higher grade posts. 1.Promotions to the Administrative Grade are dependent on the occurrence of vacancies in the sanctioned establishment and are made wholly by selection; mere seniority does not confer any claim for such promotion. 2. Appointments to the posts in the Junior Administrative Grade shall be made by selection on merit from amongst the officers ordinarily with not less than 5 years service in the senior scale. 3. The departmental Promotion Committee for purposes   of promotion from Senior Scale and above to higher grade posts shall consist of Chairman, Railway Board, Financial Commissioner Railways and three other Members of the Railway Board. ) Special Class Railway Apprentice (SCRA) Exam * Union Public Service Commission (UPSC) conducts every year entrance exam for selecting Special Class Railway Apprentice (SCRA) to Indian Railways. * This program was started in 1927. Training * The selected candidates undergo a four-year rigorous training programme in Mechanical Engineering, Indian Railways Institute of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Ja malpur. * IRIMEE has signed a Memorandum of Understanding with Birla Institute of Technology, Mesra, Ranchi for the training.Degree Awarded * SCRAs get a Bachelor of Engineering degree in Mechanical Engineering after successful completion of four years of training. This degree is recognised by the All India Council for Technical Education. Career * On successful completion of the course they are posted as Assistant Mechanical Engineer (AME) in Indian Railway Service of Mechanical Engineers. * As they are posted directly as Group A officer they rapidly goes higher up in the ladder to become senior administrators of Indian Railways. Stipend and other Benefits Not only that SCRA Apprentices are trained at Railways expense, they are paid stipend at the following rates along with DA applicable: Year| Existing rate of stipend per month| Stipend per month| First| Rs. 4000| Rs. 9100| Second| Rs. 4000| Rs. 9100| Third| Rs. 4200| Rs. 9400| Fourth [First six months]| Rs. 4200| Rs. 9400| [Last six months]| Rs. 4400| Rs. 9700| * Special Class Apprentice moving from one headquarter to another in connection with their training will be eligible for daily allowance for the period covered by the journey. Leave: Special Class Railway Apprentices may be granted leave on full stipend for a period not exceeding one month in any year of apprenticeship. * Medical facilities: Special Class Apprentices shall be entitled to free medical attendance and treatment at railway hospitals and dispensaries on the same scale as applicable to railway servants. * Travelling facilities: 2 sets of Pass and 6 sets of Privilege Ticket Orders (PTO) are admissible per year valid from anywhere to anywhere on Indian Railways. SCRA Exam * SCRA exam is conducted by UPSC and is one of the toughest exams in the country as each year there are only around 10 vacancies. For Admission to the examination a candidate must have passed in the first or second division, the Intermediate or an equivalent examination of a university or board approved by the Government of India with Mathematics and at least one of the subjects Physics and Chemistry as subjects of the examination. Scheme of Exam Paper| Subject| Time| Maximum   Marks| Part IPaper-I| General Ability Test (English, General Knowledge and Psychological Test)| 2 hours| 200| Paper-II| Physical Sciences (Physics and Chemistry)| 2 hours| 200| Paper-III| Mathematics| 2 hours| 200| Total| 6 hours| 600| Part II| Personality Test carrying a maximum of 200 marks in respect of only those candidates who are declared qualified on the results of written examination. | Selection to Group B Services Selected from serving Group ‘C’ employees by General Manager. Selection Board consists of 4 HODs including CPO and HOD of the department concerned. 70% vacancies are filled through a process of selection primarily based on seniority and 30% through a selection test known as Limited Department Competitive Examination (LDCE).Salient features of LDCE and Selection are given below: | Selection| LDCE| Eligible Grade| GP 4200| GP 4200| Service requirements| Min 3 years in the 4200| Min 5 years in the 4200| Who can appear the selection| Only those who are called as per seniority and vacancy available| All employees in concerned department who fulfill the above condition| Method of selection| Primarily seniority. Written test and viva-voce has to be passed. | Purely on the basis of written test and viva-voce(standard of written exam higher than that for Selection)| SC/ST Reservation| Applicable| Applicable|Seniority| Employees empanelled through selection will rank above those through LDCE| 70% Selection * Number of vacancies existing and anticipated for the next 2 years are taken into consideration. Delayed Selection If a selection procedure is delayed by more than one year then it will be conducted as per the procedure for Delayed selection as follows: * Number of vacancies for each of the selection should be assessed separate ly. * Field of consideration of eligible employees should be assessed separately starting from earliest selection. * Separate panel for each selection.Test * The test includes both written and viva in which marks for professional ability, record of marks, personality etc. are allotted. The panel is prepared with those getting 80% and above as ‘outstanding' and 60% to 79% as ‘others'. * In selection/LDCE the total marks secured by all the candidates who had appeared for viva-voce after qualifying in the written examination and the marks secured in written test in the case of remaining candidates may be notified after finalization of Group B Panel. Limited Departmental Competitive Examination (LDCE) To fill up 30% of vacancies in Group ‘B’ vacancies in Civil Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, Electrical Engineering, Signal & Telecommunications, Transportation and Commercial Department, Stores and Accounts. * Reservation of SC/ST as per extant orders. * The p anel will be valid for the same length of time as the panel of selection. * Employees empanelled through 70% selection will rank above those through LDCE. Scheme of Examination * A written exam of a substantially higher standard than associated with normal selection and a  viva-voce. * Minimum pass marks are 60%. Names will be in order of merit on the basis of total marks. In selection/LDCE the total marks secured by all the candidates who had appeared for viva-voce after qualifying in the written examination and the marks secured in written test in the case of remaining candidates may be notified after finalisation of Group B Panel. Promotion to Railway Services, Group B Promotions to Group B posts shall be made by the General Managers except in the Security Department provided that such promotions are made in the strict order of placement on the panel recommended by the Selection Board; if any supersession of that order is involved, the matter should be referred to the Railway M inistry.The posts of Assistant Accounts Officers shall ordinarily be filled by selection from Group C railway servants who have passed the departmental examination qualifying for promotion as Section Officer (Accounts), Inspector of Stores Accounts/Inspector of Station Accounts or are exempted from passing that examination. Selection of APOs For selection to the post of Assistant Personnel Officers, the Recruitment Board has restricted the field of eligibility to the following staff only: Eligibility * Staff of Hindi Branch are not eligible. * Minimum 3 years in the Grade Pay Rs. 200 in Pay Band PB2 (9300-34800) (including services in the corresponding pre-revised grades). Pre-Selection Training The railways board has decided that pre-selection training should be given to the staff appearing for selection/ L. DC. E. for promotion from Group ‘C’ to Group ‘B’ posts to enable them to improve their performance. It has also been decided that as in case of S. C/S . T. candidates, pre-selection coaching classes should be arranged for the candidates belonging to general category and this coaching should be treated as mandatory. Medical Fitness: Employees selected for promotion to Group ‘B’ service should be fit in all espects, including physical fitness, for the duties assigned to the particular category of posts to which the promotion is made. The Group ‘C’ employees qualifying in the selection for promotion to Group ‘B’ posts but not passing the prescribed medical standard should not be promoted to Group ‘B’. Recruitment to Group C Services The General Manager of Indian Railways Have full powers to make with regard in Railway servants Group ‘C’ and Group ’D’ under their control, provided they are not inconsistent with any rule made by the President or the Ministry of Railways.The power, do not authorize the General Manager to recruit persons without agency of the Railway Recruitment Boards (RRB) unless the Railway Board have issued special authorization. The recruitment to fill Group ‘C’ posts on Indian Railways shall be made through: 1. Direct recruitment through RRB established at various places on Indian Railways. 2. By promotion of Group ‘D’ service. 3. Direct recruitment of departments of crippled de-categorized or incapacitated employees retired on medical ground. 4. Direct recruitment of children of the employees who died while in service, on compassionate ground. . Direct recruitment through of handicapped persons. 6. Direct recruitment against the quota of sportsmen, cultural, scouts and guides. 7. Recruitment against specified categories such as teachers for Railway Schools and skilled or Artisen staff. Recruitment to Group C Services(By RBBs) * Made through Railway Recruitment Boards (RRB). * Panel formed by RRB after selection is forwarded to the Zonal Railway concerned. * The panel is valid for a year w hich can be extended by CPO. * Candidates have to pass the prescribed medical examination. * All appointments are made on probation for two year.For trainees/apprentices appointed to a working post after conclusion of their prescribed training. Probation period commences on date of such appointment. * It is obligatory for all trainees to pass a simple test in Hindi. The committee for conducting interviews for recruitment to Group ‘C’ post on the Railways/Production Units/RRBs will have minimum 3 members and must include officers representing SC/ST, minority and OBC Communities. The composition of the committee shall be- 1. Chairman RRB or Member Secretary RRB as chairman of the interview Committee. 2.Serving Railway officer of JA grade, including an officer of Department for which the recruitment is being made in case of difficulty in finding OBC officer in JA Grade a Sr. Scale OBC officer may be nominated in the committee. The officer so nominated will never the less b e an equal member of the committee. No member should be direct subordinate to any officer member of the committee. The Candidate selected is placed on selection list in order of merit. The Recruitment Board sends the names of selected candidates along with their original application to the Railway concerned.Based on call letters send by Railways, the candidates on reporting for duty shall have to pass the medical examinations prescribed for each category. Recruitment to Group C Services (Selection) * Staff having 3 years of service can appear for selection test. * Successful candidates shall be placed in the order of merit except those who have obtained more than 80%  Ã‚  of marks. Jurisdiction of Railway recruitment boards (RRB) on various Zones/Divisions/Workshops are as follow:    Contact Details of Railway Recruitment Boards (RRB) 1) RRB Ahmedabad Website:  www. rrbahmedabad. gov. in/ Railway Recruitment Board, Ahmedabad. st Floor, Meter Guage Building, Railway Station, Ka lupur,, Ahmedabad, Gujarat Pin: 380 002, Contact:  [email  protected] in 2) RRB Ajmer Website:  www. rrbajmer. org Railway Recruitment Board, Nehru Marg, Near Ambedkar Circle,Ajmer – 305001 Contact:  [email  protected] org 3) RRB Allahabad Website:  www. rrbald. nic. in Railway Recruitment Board Opposite to G. M. /NCR Building Near Subedarganj Railway Hospital Subedarganj Allahabad – 211 033. Contact:  [email  protected] co. in 4) RRB Bangalore Website:  www. rrbbnc. gov. in Railway Recruitment Board Bangalore 18, Millers Road, Bangalore – 560046. Contact:  [email  protected] om 5) RRB Bilaspur Website:  www. rrbbilaspur. gov. in Railway Recruitment Board, GM/SECR’s Office Complex Bilaspur (C. G) Pin: 495 004 Contact:  [email  protected] com 6) RRB Bhopal Website:  www. rrbbpl. nic. in Railway Recruitment Board, Bhopal East Railway Colony, Bhopal – 462010 E-mail-  [email  protected] in 7) RRB Bhubaneswar Website:  www. rrbbbs. gov. in D-79/80, Rail Vihar , B. D. A. Rental Colony, Chandrasekharpur , Bhubaneswar, Pin -751023,Orissa Contact:  [email  protected]bbs. gov. in 8) RRB Chandigarh Website:  www. rrbcdg. org SCO 34, IInd Floor, Madhya Marg, Sector – 7-C Chandigarh Contact:  [email  protected] o. in 9) RRB Chennai Website:  www. rrbchennai. net 5, Dr. P. V. Cherian Crescent Road, Egmore, Chennai – 600 008 Contact:  [email  protected] railnet. gov. in 10) RRB Gorakhpur Website:  www. rrbgkp. gov. in Railway Station Road, Gorakhpur – 273012 Contact:  [email  protected] co. in 11) RRB Guwahati Website:  rrbguwahati. gov. in Station Road, Guwahati Contact:  [email  protected] in Online application facility is available in RRB Guwahati 12) RRB Jammu Website:  www. rrbjammu. nic. in Railway Colony (West), Jammu-180012 Contact:  [email  protected] co. in 13) RRB Kolkata Website:  www. rrbkolkata. org Metro Railway A. V.Complex,Chitpur, Opp. To R. G. Kar Medical College & Hospital, R. G. Kar Road, Kolkata-700 037 Contact:  [email  protected] net 14) RRB Malda Website:  www. rrbmalda. gov. in Kalibari Railway Colony, P. O Jhaljhalia,Malda – 732102, (West Bengal) Contact:  [email  protected] in 15) RRB Mumbai Website:  www. rrbmumbai. gov. in Railway Divisional office compound,Mumbai Central, (E), Mumbai – 400 202, Maharashtra Contact:  [email  protected] co. in 16) RRB Muzaffarpur Website :  rrbmuzaffarpur. bih. nic. in Lichi  Bagan,  Maripur,Muzaffarpur-842001 [email  protected] in 17) RRB Patna Website:  www. rrbpatna. gov. inRailway Recruitment Board, Mahendrughat, Patna – 800 004. , Bihar Contact:  [email  protected] in Online application facility is available. 18) RRB Ranchi Website:  www. rrbranchi. org Railway Offices Complex,Chutia, Ranchi-834027, Jharkhand Contact:  [email  protected] org 19) RRB Secunderabad Website:  www. rrbsec. org Railway Recru itment Board Secunderabad South Lallaguda, Andhra Pradesh– 500017 Contact:  [email  protected] com 20) RRB  Siliguri Website :  rrbsiliguri. org Subhashpally,Siliguri,District-Darjeeling,PIN-734001,(West Bengal) E-mail:  [email  protected] org Online application facility is available. 1) RRB Thiruvananthapuram Website:  www. rrbthiruvananthapuram. net Thampanoor, Thiruvananthapuram – 695 001 Contact: [email  protected] Recruitment to Group ‘D’ Service: Recruitment to all Group D posts will henceforth will be done by zonal railways directly Board guidelines for recruitment to group d posts. Guidelines for recruitment of group D staff by railway administration 1. Recruitment unit Requirement of all divisions/workshops/production units and other organisation falling within the territorial jurisdiction of the zonal railway will be clubbed together for the recruitment. . Periodicity of recruitment * Recruitment shall be done at intervals of one or two years. * Vacancies shall be counted as those existing in 1st January or 1st July of the year of recruitment plus those anticipated over the next one or two year. 3. Eligibility criteria * The educational qualification for recruitment to all posts in group D in the railways shall be class 8th passed. * The age limits for recruitment shall be as per extant instruction, with relaxation for specified categories as admissible under specific orders issued by Ministry of Railway’s from time to time.How to apply Candidate shall apply on plain paper, as per format indicated in the employment notice, directly to the deputy chief personnel officer. Fees may be charged @ Rs. 40 per candidate. However, no fee is to be charged from the candidates belonging to SC/ST categories. In his/her application, the candidate should mention the recruitment unit and posts applied for. Candidates should be asked to give option (maximum three) in order of preference for the division/workshops/prod uction units/other organisation etc.. , within the territorial jurisdiction of the zone.If a combined examination is being held for more than one category of group d post, then the candidate should specify his preference for the posts also. No change of options shall be permitted at any stage subsequently. Written Exam Recruitment boards are conducting Written Exam first. 1. There will be total 150 multiple choice questions in the written exam. 2. The questions will be asked of 10th class level from these topics: * General Knowledge. * General Maths. * General Reasoning. * General Science. 3. After passing in Written Exam candidates have to face Physical Efficiency test, mainly Race of 1500 meter.Selection procedure The selection shall consist of a written test followed by physical efficiency test and medical examination. Medical Examination of Candidates for appointment to Non-Gazetted Railway services * Medical examination includes- (i) General physical examination, and (ii) Visio n tests * Non-Gazetted Railway services are divided into different broad groups and classes like Group A(A-1,A-2,A-3), Group B(B-1, B-2), Group C(C-1, C-2). * Spectacles:   No glasses are to be permitted  for categories A-1 and A-2 and for Railway Protection Force staff where their medical category is B-1. Candidates in classes A-1, A-2, A-3 and B-1 on being medically examined shall be tested for color perception with the prescribed apparatus and recommended methods of examination. * For both Candidates and employees contact lenses shall not be permitted in category A and B. * Candidates  of classes A-1, A-2, A-3 and B-1 will be examined with regard to their vision in diminished light. * Candidates  class A-1 will be examined to ascertain that the fields of  vision are not seriously restricted. * Candidates in Classes A-1, A-2, A-3, B-1 and B-2 will be tested for the presence of  binocular vision, i. . , peripheral fusion, depth perception and stereoscopic vision. * Cand idates from A1 to B-1 categories may be examined in glaring light by providing  a 200 Watts Bulb 90 cm. Response to  glare and recovery time should be noted by examining the candidates. Fundus / Full Ophthalmology Examination: Compulsory in the following circumstances, 1. For all candidates in A-1. 2. For categories C-1 and C-2 when the power of lenses exceeds 4 D, the candidate should be  examined by an Ophthalmologist to exclude progressive eye disease.General Physical Examination: Candidate must be in good mental and bodily health and free from any defect likely to interfere with the effective performance of the duties of his appointment. Following are examined: * Measurement of height, weight and chest girth will be recorded. * The condition of heart and lungs. * The condition of teeth and gums (well filled teeth will be considered as sound). * Whether there is any evidence of abdominal disease. * Whether there is any hernia or tendency to hernia. * Whether there is free m ovement of the joints. Whether hearing in each ear is good and whether there is any disease of the ear. * Whether there is any speech defect. * Whether there is any communicable disease. * Hearing:   In the examination of hearing of the candidate/serving employee, the speaking voice test  will be employed. The use of hearing aid should not be permitted for candidates in categories ‘A' and ‘B'. * Speech:   Stammering is not to be considered a serious defect disqualifying a candidate in clerical  duties, especially such of them as do not have to come in direct contact with the public. Head injuries:- Candidates in categories A-1, A-2 and A-3, when they come up for medical examination or re-examination, should give a declaration if they had a head injury earlier and if so, a history of the case, even though fully cured at the time of declaration. In the case of persons with past history of loss of memory, a full neurological examination and a fitness certificate fro m a neurologist would be required. A candidate who has one of the following will be rejected irrespective of the category of employment: Appeal Normally, candidate has no right of appeal , but if proof is produced as regards to the possibility of error of judgment in the decision of the examining medical authority, a re-examination will be ordered. Such evidence should be submitted within one month of the date of communication. * A medical certificate produced by candidate as evidence about possibility of error of judgment should contain a note by the medical practitioner concerned that he is aware of the fact that the candidate has already been declared unfit by Railway medical authority. Medical classification of different categories of Railway staff A1| * Loco Pilot/ Asst.Loco Pilot * Motorman| A2| * Guards/Asstt. Guard/Pilot guard * ASM, Station Master, Station Supt. * Traffic Apprentices| A3| * Loco Inspector * JE/SE C&W * JE/SE Loco * JE/SE Works * JE/SE Signal & Telecommunica tion * Traffic Inspector * Trolleymen * Gatekeeper * YM/AYM, Trains Clerk * Bridge Inspectors, JE/SE Bridges| B1| * Gang men / Trackman * Permanent way khalasis * ESM/Tech Signal * Train Examination staff * RPF staff| B2| * Ticket checking staff| C1| * Section Controller * Booking Clerk * Station Clerk * Commercial Inspector * Telephone operator| C2| * Others|Standards Description for different Medical classification * A-1  Physically fit in all respects. Visual Standards —Distance Vision: 6/6,6/6 without glasses. Near Vision: Sn: 0. 6,0. 6 without glasses (must clear fogging test) and must pass test for Colour Vision, Binocular Vision, Field of Vision & Night Vision. * A-2  Physically fit in all respects. Visual Standards—Distance vision: 6/9,6/9 without glasses. Near Vision: Sn: 0. 6, 0. 6 without glasses and must pass test for Colour Vision, Binocular Vision, Field of Vision & Night Vision. * A-3  Physically fit in all respects.Visual Standards—Distance Vision: 6/9,6/9 with or without glasses (power of lenses not to exceed 2D). Near Vision: Sn: 0. 6, 0. 6 with or without glasses and must pass test for Colour Vision, Binocular Vision, Field of Vision & Night Vision. * B-1  Physically fit in all respects. Visual Standards — Distance Vision: 6/9,6/12 with or without glasses (power of lenses not to exceed 4D). Near Vision: Sn: 0. 6, 0. 6 with or without glasses when reading or close work is required and must pass test for Colour Vision, Binocular Vision, Field of Vision & Night Vision. * B-2  Physically fit in all respects.Visual Standards — Distance Vision: 6/9,6/12 with or without glasses (power not to exceed 4D). Near Vision: Sn: 0. 6, 0. 6 with or without glasses when reading or close work is required and must pass test for Field of Vision. * C-1  Physically fit in all respects. Visual Standards — Distance Vision: 6/12, 6/18 with or without glasses. Near Vision: Sn: 0. 6, 0. 6 with or without glasses whe n reading or close work is required. * C-2  Physically fit in all respects. Visual Standards — Distance Vision: 6/12, Nil with or without glasses. Near Vision, Sn: 0. 6 combined with or without glasses when reading or close work is required.Verification of Character and antecedents of Railway employees on appointment through RRB: * Before making an  appointment to the Railways it is the responsibility of the appointing authority to satisfy itself about the identity and suitability of the candidate according to the prescribed criteria. * Detailed verification of character and antecedents would be applicable in case of: 1) Group ‘A’ Posts. 2) Group ‘B’ posts. 3) Group ‘C’ and ‘D’ posts of all those offices in which detailed verification is considered particularly necessary in the interest of security by the Administrative Ministry of office. ) Cases in which simple verification cannot be done because of the candidateâ€⠄¢s inability to produce a certificate of character. * Attestation form in respect of the categories where detailed investigation is necessary attestation form has to be referred to District Magistrate * Simple verification would be applicable to appointments to all other posts viz: a) Posts of LDCE and posts of equivalent grade and all Group ‘D’ posts in the Government of India Secretariat and its attached offices. b) Group ‘C’ & ‘D’ posts under the Government of India in subordinate offices. Exception can be made to the general procedure and detailed verification may be done for some posts/services/departments. * All appointing authorities should clearly indicate at the top of the attestation forms the type of verification required to be done, i. e. , Detailed Verification, Record Check or Simple Verification. DATA ANALYSIS AND DATA INTERPRETATION Data Interpretation Questionnaire was prepared for the purpose of getting feedback from the empl oyees and APOs regarding â€Å"Recruitment and Selection Procedure† of their company. 5 employees and selected from different department and were distributed the questionnaire from the purpose of the study. Analysis of Data The analysis of the data is done as per the survey finding. The data is represented by graphically in percentage. The percentage of the people opinion were analyzed and expressed in the form of pie-charts. QUESTION: What are the sources for recruitment and selection? S. NO. | OPINION| NO. OF RESPONDENT| PERCENTAGE (%)| 1. | Internal| 5| 20| 2. | External| 8| 32| 3. | Both| 12| 48|About 48% of the employees said that they prefer both internal as well as external source for recruitment and selection. 20% of the employees said that they prefer internal source for recruitment and selection. 32% of the employees said that they prefer external source for recruitment and selection. QUESTION: Which method do you mostly prefer for recruitment and selection preferre d way of recruitment? S. NO. | OPINION| NO. OF RESPONDENT| PERCENTAGE (%)| 1. | Direct| 5| 20| 2. | Indirect| 2| 8| 3. | Third Party| 18| 72| About 20% of the employees said that they prefer direct recruitment and selection. % the employees said that they prefer indirect recruitment and selection. 72% the employees said that they prefer third party recruitment and selection. QUESTION: When do you prefer to go for manpower planning? S. NO. | OPINION| NO. OF RESPONDENT| PERCENTAGE (%)| 1. | Yearly| 15| 60| 2. | Quarterly| 2| 8| 3. | No Fixed Time| 8| 32| Around 60% of the employees said that they prefer yearly manpower planning. 32 % of the employees said that they do not follow any pattern they don’t have any fixed time manpower planning. 8% of the employees said that they prefer quarterly manpower planning.QUESTION: Do you think the present recruitment policy is helpful in achieving the goals of the organisation? S. NO. | OPINION| NO. OF RESPONDENT| PERCENTAGE (%)| 1. | Yes| 10| 40| 2. | No| 7| 28| 3. | To some extend| 8| 32| Around 40% of the employees said that the company’s recruitment policy is helpful in achieving the goals. 28 % employees said that the company’s recruitment policy is not helpful in achieving the goals. 32% employees said that the company’s recruitment policy is helpful to some extend in achieving the goals. QUESTION: Is there any provision for evaluation and control of recruitment and selection process?S. NO. | OPINION| NO. OF RESPONDENT| PERCENTAGE (%)| 1. | Yes| 15| 60| 2. | No| 10| 40| About 80% people said that the company has the provision for evaluation and control of recruitment and selection. 20% people said that the company does not have the provision for evaluation and control of recruitment and selection. QUESTION: Does the procedure adopted for recruitment and selection of employees enables to give right person at right job? S. NO. | OPINION| NO. OF RESPONDENT| PERCENTAGE (%)| 1. | Yes| 7| 28| 2. | No| 12| 48| 3. | To some extend| 6| 24|About 28% of the employees said that the procedure adopted for recruitment and selection of employees enable to place the right person for the right job. 48% of the employees said that the procedure adopted for recruitment and selection of employees does not enable to place the right person for the right job. 24% of the employees said that the procedure adopted for recruitment and selection of employees enable to some extend to place the right person for the right job. QUESTION: How do you rate the HR practices of the company? S. NO. | OPINION| NO. OF RESPONDENT| PERCENTAGE (%)| . | Very Good | 3| 12| 2. | Good| 14| 56| 3. | Average| 6| 24| 4. | Bad| 2| 8| 24% of the employees said that they feel that HR department is good. 12% of the employees said that they feel that HR department is very good. 56% of the employees said that they feel that HR department is Average. 8% of the employees said that they feel that HR department is bad. Intake of Manpower of Group’C’ in DLW SN| Department| Total| 1| Admn & Schl| 01| 2| Accounts| 01| 3| Civil| 02| 4| Electrical| 09| 5| Mechanical| 03| 6| Medical| | 7| Personnel| | 8| Stores| 02| 9| RPF| | | TOTAL| 18|Sanctioned Strenth Of Non-Gazzetted Staff Of Group’C’ For The Month Of May, 2012 Department| As On First Day Of The May Month| As On Last Day Of The May Month| | Permanent| W/C Posts| Total| Permanent| W/C Posts| Total| ADMN & SCHL| 311| 24| 335| 311| 24| 335| ACCTS| 317| 24| 341| 317| 24| 341| CIVIL ENGG. | 507| 3| 510| 507| 3| 510| MECH| 3609| 48| 3657| 3609| 48| 3657| ELEC| 745| 27| 772| 745| 27| 772| MEDI| 156| 2| 158| 156| 2| 158| PERS| 172| 4| 176| 172| 4| 176| STOR| 685| 8| 693| 685| 8| 693| SECU| 242| 0| 242| 242| 0| 242| TOTAL| 6744| 140| 6884| 6744| 140| 6884|Operated Strength Of Non-Gazetted Staff Of Group’C’ For The Month Of May, 2012 Department| As on 1st day of the month| As on Last Day of the Month| | Regular Staff| Substit utes| Total| Regular staff| Substitutes| Total| ADMN& SCHL| 217| 73| 290| 212| 74| 286| ACCTS| 253| 7| 260| 253| 7| 260| CIV| 293| 0| 293| 288| 0| 288| MECH| 3047| 128| 3175| 3043| 128| 3171| PERS| 151| 0| 151| 150| 0| 150| ELEC| 667| 2| 669| 666| 2| 668| MEDI| 130| 0| 130| 129| 0| 129| STOR| 555| 1| 556| 555| 2| 557| SECU| 198| 0| 198| 203| 0| 203| TOTAL| 5511| 211| 5722| 5499| 213| 5712| Operated Strenth Of Gazzeted For The Month Of May, 2012Department| As on First Day of the Month On-Roll| As on Last Day of the Month| | Group ‘A’| Group ‘B’| Total| Group'A'| Group'B'| Total| ADMN & SCHL| 3| 10| 13| 3| 10| 13| ACCTS| 7| 22| 29| 8| 21| 29| CIV| 2| 2| 4| 2| 2| 4| MECH| 29| 27| 56| 27| 27| 54| PERS| 2| 4| 6| 2| 4| 6| ELEC| 8| 8| 16| 8| 8| 16| MEDI| 10| 0| 10| 10| 0| 10| STOR| 16| 18| 34| 16| 18| 34| SECU| 2| 0| 2| 2| 0| 2| TOTAL| 79| 91| 170| 78| 90| 168| Diesel Locomotive Works (DLW) Details of group wise strength As On| Gro